Iron, aluminium and titanium

The portions of elements which are not removed by either reagent are considered to be incorporated in acid-insoluble minerals, particularly clays, pyrite, and quartz. This group includes all of the silicon, the remaining sodium and potassium, and the residual iron, aluminium, and titanium. The acid-insoluble minerals are present as discrete phases. Frequently the mineral particles are quite small (see Figure 7, for example) and very highly dispersed through the... 

Reisenauer, H. M., Tabikh, A. A., and Stout, P. R. (1962). Molybdenum reactions with soils and hydrous oxides of iron, aluminium and titanium. Proc. Soil Set Soc. Am. 26 23-7. 

The introduction of metals such as aluminium, cobalt, iron, nickel, and titanium, into the backbone chain of polyorganosiloxanes increases their thermal and thermal-oxidative stability because of both the termination of the kinetic chain of depolymerisation and to the formation of crosslinked rigid structures in the initial stages of the process. 

Titanium is an element of group 4 of the periodic table. It is in the same group as zirconium and hafnium. It has a high similarity to silicon which was the same group in the old periodic table. Titanium exists in 5600 ppm in the Earth s crust [1], it is the fourth largest element after iron, aluminium and magnesium as common use metal. The titanium deposits are approx. 340 million tons or more [2], The span of life as a metal resource is three thousand years or more, the ranking of the life of resources as practical metals is the second after iron. 

According to Buxbaum (1998), variation of the zinc to iron ratio in red-brown iron spinel (ZnFe203) or replacement of some of tile iron by aluminium and titanium gives hght to medium brown pigments. 

Bayer process A method of making alumina (Al O ) from aluminium ore or bauxite. It involves crushing the bauxite and separating it from the oxides of iron, sUlca, and titanium that are also contained in the ore. It is then mixed with caustic soda and heated... 

Mar] Markiv, V.Ya., Bumashova, V.V., Rybov, V.P., The Systems Titanium-Iron-Aluminium, Titanium-Nickel-Aluminium and Titanium-Copper-Aluminium (in Russian), Akad. Nauk Ukr. SSR, Metallofizika.,46, 103-110 (1973) (Phase Diagram, Phase Relations, Experimental,, , 24)... 

In small numbers, anodes have been made with iron (Fe), aluminium (Al), and titanium (Ti). 

Metals and alloys Iron and steels Aluminium and its alloys Copper and its alloys Nickel and its alloys Titanium and its alloys... 

It is therefore possible to determine cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Pb2+, and Mn2+ in the presence of the above-mentioned metals by masking with an excess of potassium or sodium cyanide. A small amount of iron may be masked by cyanide if it is first reduced to the iron(II) state by the addition of ascorbic acid. Titanium(IV), iron(III), and aluminium can be masked with triethanolamine mercury with iodide ions and aluminium, iron(III), titanium(lV), and tin(II) with ammonium fluoride (the cations of the alkaline-earth metals yield slightly soluble fluorides). 

The following are suitable anions for urea precipitations of some metals sulphate for gallium, tin, and titanium formate for iron, thorium, and bismuth succinate for aluminium and zirconium. 

H. 8-Hydroxyquinaldine (XI). The reactions of 8-hydroxyquinaldine are, in general, similar to 8-hydroxyquinoline described under (C) above, but unlike the latter it does not produce an insoluble complex with aluminium. In acetic acid-acetate solution precipitates are formed with bismuth, cadmium, copper, iron(II) and iron(III), chromium, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc, titanium (Ti02 + ), molybdate, tungstate, and vanadate. The same ions are precipitated in ammoniacal solution with the exception of molybdate, tungstate, and vanadate, but with the addition of lead, calcium, strontium, and magnesium aluminium is not precipitated, but tartrate must be added to prevent the separation of aluminium hydroxide. 

Determination of titanium with tannic acid and phenazone Discussion. This method affords a separation from iron, aluminium, chromium, manganese, nickel, cobalt, and zinc, and is applicable in the presence of phosphates and silicates. Small quantities of titanium (2-50 mg) may be readily determined. 

Many of the following powdered metals reacted violently or explosively with fused ammonium nitrate below 200°C aluminium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, tin, zinc also brass and stainless steel. Mixtures with aluminium powder are used as the commercial explosive Ammonal. Sodium reacts to form the yellow explosive compound sodium hyponitrite, and presence of potassium sensitises the nitrate to shock [1], Shock-sensitivity of mixtures of ammonium nitrate and powdered metals decreases in the order titanium, tin, aluminium, magnesium, zinc, lead, iron, antimony, copper [2], Contact between molten aluminium and the salt is violently explosive, apparently there is a considerable risk of this happening in scrap remelting [3],... 

Perovskite is a calcium-titanium mineral and usually contains impurities of iron, chromium and aluminium. The theoretical grade can vary from 50% to 57% Ti02. Also, sometimes contains niobium (up to 11%) and tantalum. 

Heat of combustion, thermal conductivity, surface area and other factors influencing pyrophoricity of aluminium, cobalt, iron, magnesium and nickel powders are discussed [4], The relationship between heat of formation of the metal oxide and particle size of metals in pyrophoric powders is discussed for several metals and alloys including copper [5], Further work on the relationship of surface area and ignition temperature for copper, manganese and silicon [6], and for iron and titanium [7] was reported. The latter also includes a simple calorimetric test to determine ignition temperature. 

Thus, in summary, the composition can be divided into propellant, emitter and additives. The propellant is invariably gunpowder, whilst the emitter might be carbon, steel, iron, aluminium, magnesium/ aluminium alloy or even titanium. Additives are often used to promote the visual effects and to cheapen the composition. 

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