Ions in solids

Zeigler J F, Biersack J P and Littmark U 1985 The Stopping end Renge of Ions in Solids (New York Pergamon)... 

Ion—Sobd Interactions. F. Ziegler, J. P. Biersack, and U. Littmark,T, Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids Pergamon Press, Inc., New York, 1985. 

Orbach, Optical Properties of Ions in Solids, Plenum Press, New York, 1975, p. 370. 

This interaction dominates the spectra for free radicals and radical ions in solids. It averages to zero for species in the gas phase or in solution. 

It is likely that the answers to these questions will come only from more selective and sophisticated experiments than have been done hitherto, although some useful directions have been established. The use of high-sensitivity electron spin resonance for the study in situ of anticipated radical species will likely be possible, if the background signals from other radiation-produced species are not too intense. Studies of the chemistry of implanted atoms and ions in solid organometallic substrates will make it possible to start with totally unbound atoms which suffer no Auger ionization and thus to simulate the extreme of the total recoil. Careful studies of the thermal annealing effects, especially in the presence of reactive atmospheres, will... 

VIII. REAL POTENTIALS OF IONS IN SOLID ELECTROLYTES... 

After an extensive review of MMCT transitions involving ions in solids, it seems wise to start this paragraph with some molecular species, because many of these have been investigated in much more detail than their counterparts in non-molecular solids. It is suitable to make a distinction between outer-sphere charge-transfer (OSCT) and inner-sphere charge-transfer (ISCT) transitions [1], In the former the metal ions do not have ligands in common, in the latter they are connected by a common ligand. Studies are usually performed on metal-ion pairs in solution. 

Blasse, B. Vibrational Structure in the Luminescence Spectra of Ions in Solids. 171, 1-26... 

It is quite difficult to measure an accurate enthalpy of solution A//( olutioni with a calorimeter, but we can measure it indirectly. Consider the example of sodium chloride, NaCl. The ions in solid NaCl are held together in a tight array by strong ionic bonds. While dissolving in water, the ionic bonds holding the constituent ions of Na+ and Cl- in place break, and new bonds form between the ions and molecules of water to yield hydrated species. Most simple ions are surrounded with six water molecules, like the [Na(H20)6]+ ion (VI). Exceptions include the proton with four water molecules (see p. 235) and lanthanide ions with eight. 

Auzel F (2004) Upconversion and anti-stokes processes with f and d Ions in solids. Chem Rev 104 139-174... 

This broadening is mnch less than is actnally observed for optical ions in solids. In fact, natnral broadening can only be resolved in some solids and at very low temperatnres, so that the atoms are rigidly fixed and do not interact with other ions (negligible dynamic distortions). 

Figure 5.1. The set comprised of ion A and the six ligand ions B constitutes a pseudomolecule, ABg, which we call a center. This is a common arrangement (center) for optical ions in solids, called an octahedral arrangement, and we will use it in the text as our reference center. Of course, many other arrangements around ion A are possible, but the strategy for solving each particular case is quite similar to the one for our selected octahedral center.

At this point, it is important to mention that, in spite of the great variety of active centers (molecules, ions in solids, color centers, etc.), it can be demonstrated that only 32 point symmetry groups exist in nature. These 32 point symmetry groups (denoted by the so-called Schoenflies symbols) are listed in Table 7.1. The group order and... 

In the case in which the formation of cation-anion vacancy pairs is preferential, the ion levels of A and B ions in solid compound AB are obtained in the same way as Eqns. 3-21 and 3-22 by Eqns. 3-23 and 3-24, respectively ... 

Electrochromism can be defined as a colour change induced in a material by an applied electric field or current. Some ions in solid compounds can be reduced or oxidised (redox) electrochromically with a consequent change in colour. WO3 and M0O3 solid films have been extensively used for this purpose. The electrochromic reaction is expressed by... 

Similar types of electric double layer may also be formed at the phase boundary between a solid electrolyte and an aqueous electrolyte solution [7]. They are formed because one electrically-charged component of the solid electrolyte is more readily dissolved, for example the fluoride ion in solid LaFs, leading to excess charge in the solid phase, which, as a result of movement of the holes formed, diffuses into the soUd electrolyte. Another possible way a double layer may be formed is by adsorption of electrically-charged components from solution on the phase boundary, or by reactions of such components with some component of the solid electrolyte. For LaFa this could be the reaction of hydroxyl ions with the trivalent lanthanum ion. Characteristically, for the phase boundary between two immiscible electrolyte solutions, where neither solution contains an amphiphilic ion, the electric double layer consists of two diffuse electric double layers, with no compact double layer at the actual phase boundary, in contrast to the metal electrode/ electrolyte solution boundary [4,8, 35] (see fig. 2.1). Then, for the potential... 

Penney and Schlapp, Van Vleck and others applied these results to interpret magnetic susceptibility data of paramagnetic transition group ions in crystals. More recently, the theory has been applied with considerable success to electron magnetic resonance data 126,140,14I) and to the optical spectra 142) of paramagnetic ions in solids. 

Sebti S, Foucaud A (1986) Anionic activation by fluoride ion in solid-liquid systems synthesis of 3(2H)-furanones and 2 (5H)-fmanones. Tetrahedron 42 1361-1367... 

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