Metal Ion Levels in Solid Metals

1 The unitary energy level of surface metal ions 

The sublimation of surface metal ion of solid metals to form a gaseous metal ion M ot in the standard state requires energy equivalent to the standard free enthalpy, Yii, of metal ion sublimation as shown in Eqn. 3—4 and in Pig. 3—3 

The energy level of surface metal ions is defined as the real potential a. of the ion, which is the energy released to form a surface metal ion from a standard gaseous metal ion located at the outer potential of the metal phase this is the 

The metal ion sublimation of Eqn. S—4 is also equivalent to the process that consists of the sublimation of a siuface metal atom M. followed by both the ionization of a gaseous metal atom Motd) and the injection of a gaseous electron e(STD) into the metal phase to produce a standard gaseous metal ion leaving an electron eu in the solid metal as shown in Eqn. 3-5 and in Fig. 3-3 (h)  

This surface metal atom sublimation-ionization process may be divided into the following steps  

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