Ionizing radiation damage from

As with other radioactive substances, exposure to its ionizing radiation can cause cancer. When ingested it tends to accumulate in the liver, kidney, and spleen causing radiation damage from the alpha particles. All operations and handling must be carried out in leak-proof boxes by mechanical means behind thick neutron shields. 

The pale yellow color in feldspar is due to Fe " in a tetrahedral Si/Al site. This color is often masked by the pervasive turbidity of common feldspars. A smoky color, the result of radiation damage from the decay of K-40, is also common but often masked. The blue color in the amazonite variety of potassium feldspar (and pale-blue albite) is from the interaction of trace amounts of Pb " in the feldspar with ionizing radiation. Lead-containing feldspars with a higher... 

Whatever happens to the lesions induced by ionizing radiation other than doublestrand breaks, from the late 1960s onward, almost all research on repair of ionizing radiation damage has focussed on the repair of double-strand breaks or perhaps one should state rather that ionizing radiation has been the principal means of... 

Ward JF, Blakely WF, Joner El (1985) Mammalian cells are not killed by DNA single-strand breaks caused by hydroxyl radicals from hydrogen peroxide. Radiat Res 103 383-392 Ward JF, Webb CF, Limoli CL, Milligan JR (1990) DNA lesions produced by ionizing radiation Locally multiply damaged sites. In Wallace SS, Painter RB (eds) Ionizing radiation damage to DNA Molecular aspects. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 43-50... 

Ionizing radiation arises from the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, or ion pair production. Gamma radiation causes local and intense damage and may break chemical bonds. The primary target is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the micro-organism. In addition, free radicals may be formed, such as peroxides that result in intracellular and extracellular peroxides by a chain reaction that causes damage. 

The total energy, E, is obtained from the total charge accumulated in both sections of the anode. The second part of the ionization chamber, which measures the energy E - AE, can be replaced by an SBD [3.167], and the first part, which measures the energy loss AE, by a transmission SBD [3.168, 3.169]. When SBDs are used to measure heavy ions, radiation damage of the detector by the ions must be taken into account. 

Radiomimetics are a class of agents that cause DNA damage of a similar quality to that resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation. 

The chemistry, and hence hazards, of hot, or radioactive, elements parallels that of their cold isotopes. However, the radiation poses additional toxicity hazards. A qualitative classification of selected isotopes in terms of their toxicity is given in Table 10.2. The biological effects of ionizing radiation stem mainly from damage to individual cells following ionization of the water content. Oxidizing species, e.g. hydrogen peroxide. 

Metals are immune to radiation damage by ionization. This is also a consequence of the free electron structure. Fast charged particles and ionizing rays can knock off electrons from the atoms they encounter. In metals, the positive vacancies so formed are immediately filled up by the electron gas, leaving no sign of damage apart from a small amount of heat. 

Lett, J.T. 1990. Damage to DNA and chromatin structure from ionizing radiations, and the radiation sensitivities of mammalian cells. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Molec. Biol. 39 305-352. 

Ion pairs created by ionizing radiation eventually produce free radicals that disrupt the biochemistry of cells, break chemical bonds, and otherwise produce cell damage. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms that scavenge electrons from other atoms or molecules, causing a chain reaction that can produce cell and tissue damage. 

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