Ion-generators

Ions generated in the ion source region of the instrument may have initial velocities isotropically distributed in tliree dimensions (for gaseous samples, this initial velocity is the predicted Maxwell-Boltzmaim distribution at the sample temperature). The time the ions spend in the source will now depend on the direction of their initial velocity. At one extreme, the ions may have a velocity Vq in the direction of the extraction grid. The time spent in the source will be... 

This reduces many of the complications arising from the need for spatial focusing. Also, the initial velocity of ions generated are invariably in the TOP direction. 

Therefore, in the cases of both additives, the kinetic law for the catalysis will assume a linear form when the concentration of the added species, or, in the case of sulphuric acid, the nitronium ion generated by its action, is comparable with the concentration of the species already present. This effect was observed to occur when the concentration of additive was about o-2 mol 1, a value in fair agreement with the estimated degree of dissociation of nitric acid ( 2.2.1). 

Acyl cations (acylium ions) generated by treating an acyl chloride or acid anhydride with aluminum chloride attack aromatic rings to yield ketones The arene must be at least as reactive as a halobenzene Acyl cations are relatively stable and do not re arrange... 

FIGURE 22 5 The diazo mum ion generated by treatment of a primary al kylamine with nitrous acid loses nitrogen to give a car bocation The isolated prod ucts are derived from the carbocation and include in this example alkenes (by loss of a proton) and an al cohol (nucleophilic capture by water)... 

Primary arylamines like primary alkylammes form diazonium ion salts on nitro sation Aryl diazonium 10ns are considerably more stable than their alkyl counterparts Whereas alkyl diazonium 10ns decompose under the conditions of their formation aryl diazonium salts are stable enough to be stored m aqueous solution at 0-5°C for a rea sonable time Loss of nitrogen from an aryl diazonium ion generates an unstable aryl cation and is much slower than loss of nitrogen from an alkyl diazonium ion... 

The initiating step in these reactions is the attachment of a group to the sulfoxide oxygen to produce an activated intermediate (5). Suitable groups are proton, acyl, alkyl, or almost any of the groups that also initiate the oxidations of alcohols with DMSO (40,48). In a reaction, eg, the one between DMSO and acetic anhydride, the second step is removal of a proton from an a-carbon to give an yUde (6). Release of an acetate ion generates the sulfur-stabilized carbonium ion (7), and the addition of acetate ion to the carbonium ion (7) results in the product (eq. 15) ... 

An important extension of these reactions is the Mannich reaction, in which aminomethyl-ation is achieved by the combination of formaldehyde, a secondary amine and acetic acid (Scheme 24). The intermediate immonium ion generated from formaldehyde, dimethyl-amine and acetic acid is not sufficiently reactive to aminomethylate furan, but it will form substitution products with alkylfurans. The Mannich reaction appears to be still more limited in its application to thiophene chemistry, although 2-aminomethylthiophene has been prepared by reaction of thiophene with formaldehyde and ammonium chloride. The use of A,iV-dimethyf (methylene) ammonium chloride (Me2N=CH2 CF) has been recommended for the iV,iV-dimethylaminomethylation of thiophenes (83S73). 

Figure 3.5 Schematic pH eind oxygen concentration profiles in an active tubercle. Below the magnetite shell oxygen concentration decreased sharply. pH rises above the magnetite shell due to cathodic hydroxyl-ion generation emd falls below the shell due to concentration of acidic anion, (Courtesy of National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Corrosion 91 Paper No. 84 by H. M. Herro.)...

The hydroxyl ions migrate inward, attracted by the positive charge that is produced by the ferrous ion generated near the corroding surface (Fig. 3.4). Other anions such as carbonate, chloride, and sulfate also concentrate beneath the shell. Carbonate may react with ferrous ions to form siderite (FeCOa) as in Reaction 3.4 (Fig. 3.7) ... 

One of the best leaving groups is molecular nitrogen in alkyl diazonium ions. Diazonium ions are generated by nitrosation of primaiy amines. The diazonium ions generated from alkyl amines are veiy unstable and immediately decompose with loss of nitrogen. 

One-electron oxidation of carboxylate ions generates acyloxy radicals, which undergo decarboxylation. Such electron-transfer reactions can be effected by strong one-electron oxidants, such as Mn(HI), Ag(II), Ce(IV), and Pb(IV) These metal ions are also capable of oxidizing the radical intermediate, so the products are those expected from carbocations. The oxidative decarboxylation by Pb(IV) in the presence of halide salts leads to alkyl halides. For example, oxidation of pentanoic acid with lead tetraacetate in the presence of lithium chloride gives 1-chlorobutane in 71% yield ... 

Negative ion generators use static charges to remove particles from the indoor air. When the particles become charged, they are attracted to surfaces such as walls, floors, table tops, draperies, and occupants. Some designs include collectors to... 

The reaction of chlorodifluorotnethane with alkoxide ions generated in low concentration from halide ions and epoxides [28, 29] is an interesting, higher temperature method that gives good to excellent yields of gem-difluorocyclo-propanes from just moderately nucleophilic olefins (equation 9)... 

In the presence of strong acid, formic acid decomposes to water and carbon monoxide. In the process, reactive intermediates form which are capable of direct carboxylation of carbonium ions. Since many carbonium ions are readily generated by the reaction of alcohols with strong acid, the process of elimination and carboxylation can be conveniently carried out in a single flask. The carbonium ions generated are subject to the... 

Other methods for the synthesis of a-oxygenated A-alkylamides (or carbamates) include addition of oxygen nucleophiles to A-acyl (or A-alkoxycarbonyl) iminium ions, generated via either... 

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