Iodination nuclear

Sheppard, M.L, Sheppard, S.C. and Sanipelli, B. (2002). Recommended Biosphere Model Values for Iodine. Nuclear Waste Management Division Report 06819-REP-01200-10090-R00. Ontario Power Generation, Toronto, Canada. Sheppard, M.L and Thibault, D.H. (1991). J. Environ. Qual 20, 101-114. 

The rotational dependence of the iodine nuclear quadrupole interaction, the aluminum spin-rotation coupling parameter (C(A1)), and the tensor iD a) as well as scalar ( ) spin-spin coupling constants have been determined for the first time, the remaining parameters (with the exception of D) have been improved in aeeuraey as compared to the literature values [73T6r, 72Wys]. 

Many artificial (likely radioactive) isotopes can be created through nuclear reactions. Radioactive isotopes of iodine are used in medicine, while isotopes of plutonium are used in making atomic bombs. In many analytical applications, the ratio of occurrence of the isotopes is important. For example, it may be important to know the exact ratio of the abundances (relative amounts) of the isotopes 1, 2, and 3 in hydrogen. Such knowledge can be obtained through a mass spectrometric measurement of the isotope abundance ratio. 

If the spent fuel is processed in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, the radioactive iodine species (elemental iodine and methyl iodide) trapped in the spent fuel elements ate ultimately released into dissolver off gases. The radioactive iodine may then be captured by chemisorption on molecular sieve 2eohtes containing silver (89). 

Alkali AletalIodides. Potassium iodide [7681-11-0] KI, mol wt 166.02, mp 686°C, 76.45% I, forms colorless cubic crystals, which are soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. KI is used in animal feeds, catalysts, photographic chemicals, for sanitation, and for radiation treatment of radiation poisoning resulting from nuclear accidents. Potassium iodide is prepared by reaction of potassium hydroxide and iodine, from HI and KHCO, or by electrolytic processes (107,108). The product is purified by crystallization from water (see also Feeds and feed additives Photography). 

The Japan Nuclear Fuel Service Company reprocesses LWR fuel in faciUties which take advantage of French shear and dissolver designs, German iodine removal technology, and British reduced-pressure evaporation. 

D. W. HoWid.2cy, A Eiterature Survey Methodsfor the Removal of Iodine Spedafrom Off-Gas andEiquid Waste Streams of Nuclear Power and Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants, with Emphasis on Solid Sorbents, ORNL/TM-6350, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Term., 1979. 

Treatment of this with elemental iodine affords the nuclearly substituted iodo derivative (87). Removal of the benzyl ether by reduction leads to iodothiouracil (88). ... 

Radioactive iodine is given by tlie primary health care provider, orally as a single dose The effects of iodides are evident within 24 hours, with maximum effects attained after 10 to 15 days of continuous therapy. If the patient is hospitalized, radiation safety precautions identified by the hospital s department of nuclear medicine are followed. 

Half-lives span a very wide range (Table 17.5). Consider strontium-90, for which the half-life is 28 a. This nuclide is present in nuclear fallout, the fine dust that settles from clouds of airborne particles after the explosion of a nuclear bomb, and may also be present in the accidental release of radioactive materials into the air. Because it is chemically very similar to calcium, strontium may accompany that element through the environment and become incorporated into bones once there, it continues to emit radiation for many years. About 10 half-lives (for strontium-90, 280 a) must pass before the activity of a sample has fallen to 1/1000 of its initial value. Iodine-131, which was released in the accidental fire at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, has a half-life of only 8.05 d, but it accumulates in the thyroid gland. Several cases of thyroid cancer have been linked to iodine-131 exposure from the accident. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24 ka (24000 years). Consequently, very long term storage facilities are required for plutonium waste, and land contaminated with plutonium cannot be inhabited again for thousands of years without expensive remediation efforts. 

Spontaneous nuclear fission takes place when the natural oscillations of a heavy nucleus cause it to break into two nuclei of similar mass (Fig. 17.21). We can think of the nucleus as distorting into a dumbbell shape and then breaking into two smaller nuclei. An example is the spontaneous disintegration of americium-244 into iodine and molybdenum ... 

Materials. I-EGF was either made by iodinating mouse EGF (Biomedical Technologies Inc.) by the chloramine T method, to a specific activity of approximately 1-2 Ci/ xmol, using Na- I (Amersham) or purchased from New England Nuclear. Phorbol diterpene esters were purchased from Sigma. Palytoxin was isolated from Palythoa tuberculosa as previously described (1). 

The nuclear explosions that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki killed 100,000 to 200,000 people instantaneously. Probably an equal number died later, victims of the radiation released in those explosions. Millions of people were exposed to the radioactivity released by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The full health effects of that accident may never be known, but 31 people died of radiation sickness within a few weeks of the accident, and more than 2000 people have developed thyroid cancer through exposure to radioactive iodine released in the accident. Even low levels of radiation can cause health problems. For this reason, workers in facilities that use radioisotopes monitor their exposure to radiation continually, and they must be rotated to other duties if their total exposure exceeds prescribed levels. 

Irwin Goodwin. Fallout of Atmospheric Nuclear Tests in 1950s and 1960s Exposed More People to Iodine-131 than Chernobyl Accident. Physics Today. 50 (Sept. 1997) 54-55. 

The utilization of radioisotopes in the field of nuclear medicine has been promoted for various purposes. Among them, diagnostic applications have had much success during the past two decades. Technetium-99m, thallium-210 and iodine-123, for example, have been used as radioisotopes for imaging studies. 

Pickard, P., Sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle, 2006 Annual Merit Review Proc., Hydrogen Production and Delivery, D. Nuclear Energy Initiative, http //www.hydrogen.energy.gov/ annual review06 delivery.html. 

Refetoff, S. 1990. A review of risks of external irradiation of the thyroid gland. Pages 101-103 in Iodine Prophylaxis Following Nuclear Accidents Proceedings of the Joint WHO/CEC Workshop. July 1988. Pergamon Press, New York. 

Delay for Decay A process for trapping radioactive gases (e.g., xenon, krypton, iodine) from nuclear power plants until their radioactivities have decayed to acceptable levels. Activated carbon is the usual adsorbent, and the gases are first dried with a zeolite. 

Health R D (research and development) expenditures, 27 612 Health standards, at nuclear power facilities, 7 7 551-554 Health uses, for iodine, 74 372-373 Heap and dump leaching, 76 153 Heap leaching, 72 689-690, 699-700 76 128... 

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