Intravenous drug solutions

Do not mix dopamine with other drug , especially sodium bicarbonate or odier alkaline intravenous (IV) solutions. Check with the hospital pharmacist before adding a second drug to an IV solution containing this drug. 

Co-extruded films of polypropylene or other polyolefins and a flexible polyester are solutions for pouches for intravenous drug-delivery systems. 

Route of administration Orthoclone OKT3 is administered as an intravenous bolus over less than one minute. The preparation should not be administered by infusion or in conjunction with other drug solutions. 

Particulate contamination has been found in PN solutions and other intravenous drugs and fluids. Administration of particles through infusion solutions can result in adverse effects. The probability of these effects to occur increases proportionally with the amount of fluid administrated. 

Intravenous (IV) delivery has two variations injection and infusion. In an injection, the entire dose is rapidly placed in a vein via a syringe and needle. The dose is called an IV bolus. An IV infusion, sometimes called an IV drip, involves administering a drug from an IV bag over a predetermined amount of time. The concentration of the drug solution and IV drip rate determine the eventual drug concentration in the patients blood. 

Phenytoin Sodium Phenytoin sodium is incompatible with many drugs when mixed with intravenous infusions. Solutions of phenytoin are only stable at a pH greater than 10.194195... 

Plasma concentration profiles after buccal administration of the saturated drug solution varied considerably between animals but the overall time dependency was similar (Figure 4). Plasma levels increased rapidly after application of the solution onto the mucosa to produce relatively constant concentrations in the range 1500-8000 ng/ml after 2 h. Following removal of the solution the drug exhibited the expected decline in plasma concentrations at a rate comparable to that observed in the intravenous bolus study. 

Male Wistar rats weighing 120-150 g are treated orally with the test compound or the standard 30 min prior to intravenous injection via the tail vein with 2.5 ml/kg of a 3 % aqueous solution of phenolsul-fonphthalein. For intravenous application, 5.0 ml/kg of the test drug solution are injected immediately after the phenolsulfonphthalein injection followed by flushing with 2.5 ml/kg saline. By retro-orbital puncture blood samples are withdrawn after 30, 60 and 180 min. Blood (0.2 ml) is diluted with 2 ml... 

Table 3 An example of an intravenous injection solution formulation for the cardiac drug digoxin as...

When an initially painful intravenous or intramuscular injection must be administered repetitively, patient reluctance develops. Injection pains are usually accompanied by hemorrhage, edema, inflammation, and tissue necrosis." Among the factors responsible for painful injections, the most important are the drug solubility in aqueous medium, the viscosity, the pH and the hypo- or hyperosmotic character of the injected drug solution, the amount of the injected volume, the site of injection, the pain tolerance of the patient, and the technique of administration. Other factors include precipitation of the drug at the injection site, and localized cell lysis. ... 

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