Interrogation process

In recent years, advances in experimental capabilities have fueled a great deal of activity in the study of the electrified solid-liquid interface. This has been the subject of a recent workshop and review article [145] discussing structural characterization, interfacial dynamics and electrode materials. The field of surface chemistry has also received significant attention due to many surface-sensitive means to interrogate the molecular processes occurring at the electrode surface. Reviews by Hubbard [146, 147] and others [148] detail the progress. In this and the following section, we present only a brief summary of selected aspects of this field. 

A number of methods that provide information about the structure of a solid surface, its composition, and the oxidation states present have come into use. The recent explosion of activity in scanning probe microscopy has resulted in investigation of a wide variety of surface structures under a range of conditions. In addition, spectroscopic interrogation of the solid-high-vacuum interface elucidates structure and other atomic processes. 

A suitable method for a detailed investigation of stimulated emission and competing excited state absorption processes is the technique of transient absorption spectroscopy. Figure 10-2 shows a scheme of this technique. A strong femtosecond laser pulse (pump) is focused onto the sample. A second ultrashort laser pulse (probe) then interrogates the transmission changes due to the photoexcita-lions created by the pump pulse. The signal is recorded as a function of time delay between the two pulses. Therefore the dynamics of excited state absorption as... 

Science, after all, is a process for interrogating nature, not simply a compendium of facts ... 

Interrogation of the data shown in Figures 26-28 enables one to construct probable thermal degradation processes, such as those shown in Figure 29. 

Figures 16 and 17. Covariance processing methods can thus reduce data acquisition times for lower sensitivity experiments such as 1,1- or INADEQUATE when these data are going to be interrogated following covariance processing.50 Alternatively, when the increased s /n of...

With a complete set of parameters assembled the process of model construction is finished and the model may be interrogated using the methods described in the subsequent sections. In particular, for the exchange of kinetic... 

In secondary-ion mass spectrometery (SIMS) and its sister technique fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FARMS), a surface is bombarded with energetic particles, and the kinetic energy of the particles converts substrate and chemisorbed atoms and molecules to gas-phase species. The ejected (or sputtered) material is subsequently interrogated using various analytical tools, such as lasers and mass spectrometers, to indirectly deduce information about the initial surface. The relationships between sputtered material and the surface, however, are not always clear, and erroneous conclusions are easily made. Computer simulations have demonstrated that a fundamental understanding of the sputtering process is required to interpret experimental data fully ... 

The desirability of using a non-invasive in-situ probe has already been discussed. There is, however, a problem, in that standard characterisation techniques are unable to penetrate bulky reaction vessels. As a result of this, little is known about the reaction dynamics or kinetics of intercalation reactions. A non-invasive probe which can interrogate a typical intercalation process is required. It is also necessary to employ short data collection times in order that kinetic information may be obtained. X-ray powder diffraction is a highly appropriate tool. It is non-invasive, and is a powerful characterisation technique when used in combination with ex-situ analyses. 

The potential for MR sensors to interrogate on-line/in-line processes in the Food Processing industry is reiterated on an almost annual basis. Nevertheless there are a number of significant technical hurdles to be... 

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