INTERNATIONAL CADMIUM

C. H. Hines and U. de Silva, Proceedings of the Sixth International Cadmium Conference, International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., Research Triangle Park, N.C., 1989, p. 101. 

D. Wilson and R. A. Volpe, eds., "Cadmium 81, Cadmium 83, Cadmium 86 and Cadmium 89," Proceedings of Third—Sixth International Cadmium Conferences,... 

Edited Proceedings of the 4th International Cadmium Conference, Munich, Cadmium Association, Cadmium Council and ILZRO, New York, 1983. 

R. A. Eppler and D. S. Carr, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Cadmium Conference, International, Lead Zinc Research Organization, New York, 1982,... 

An EC study has found that cadmium pigments present no significant threat to human health or the environment, says the International Cadmium Association. In view of the positive life cycle assessment, EC Member States voted earlier this year that there should be no further restrictions on the marketing and use of cadmium pigments in plastics. INTERNATIONAL CADMIUM ASSOCIATION... 

D. Rade, A. Domemann, Proceedings of the Third International Cadmium Conference Miami, 1981, Cadmium Association, London, pp. 37-40. 

International Cadmium Association 9222 Jeffery Road Post Office Box 924 Great Falls, VA 22066-0924 USA... 

The SEI data is based mainly on earlier emission numbers for NiCd battery manufacturing, whereas the OECD monograph data represents updated emissions in the European Union as of 1994 compared to total volumes of cadmium utilized for NiCd battery production, based on information from the International Cadmium Association. All of this data indicates that most of the cadmium remains in the product and is not lost during NiCd battery manufacturing. A similar conclusion can be inferred with respect to nickel and cobalt, the other materials in a NiCd battery which might be likely to be regarded as hazardous and contribute to an adverse environmental impact. Iron, of... 

During the normal use and maintenance of a battery system, they are neither destroyed nor dissipated nor do they emit any harmful substances. Battery systems may be sealed or vented. If they are sealed, then no emissions occur during normal use and maintenance. If they are vented, then water vapor, hydrogen gas or oxygen gas may be vented, depending on the system and whether it is charging or discharging. A 1994 report (Stockholm Environmental Institute 1994), for example estimated that the dissipation rates for both industrial and consumer NiCd batteries were 0.01 percent per year. The International Cadmium Association believes, based on surveys of its NiCd battery producer members, that the dissipation rates are virtually zero, or so low as to be undetectable. 

Cadmium daily intake levels in most OECD nations have been decreasing steadily since the 1970s and today range from 10 to 20 jig per day, well below any levels of human health concern (International Cadmium Association 1999). These relationships are shown in Figure 6. 

Elgersma et al. 1992, Emission Factors for Aqueous Industrial Cadmium Emissions in the Rhine River Basin A Historical Reconstruction for the Period 1970-1988, Edited Proceedings Seventh International Cadmium Conference - New Orleans, Cadmium Association (London), Cadmium Council (Reston VA) and International Lead Zinc Research Organization (Research Triangle ParkNC). 

International Cadmium Association 1999, Cadmium - A Problem of the Past, A Solution for the Future, International Cadmium Association, Brussels, Belgium and Great Falls, VA, 1999. 

International Cadmium Association, 9222 Jeffery Road, P.O. Box 924, Great Falls, VA 22066-0924, U.S.A. 

In 1989, M.G. Horn of IRELAND ALLOYS LTD presented to the 6th International Cadmium Conference in Paris the experimental study of a process based on crushing industrial battery plates followed by screening into different size grading values and magnetic separation. The piupose was to concentrate the cadmium so as to have to treat only a minimal fraction of the weight of the complete battery. 

Rade D and Dornemann A (1981) Migration studies on Cadmium Pigments in Plastics. In Cadmium 81 Edited Proceedings, Third International Cadmium Conference, Miami, USA, 3 -5 February 1981.Cadmium Association/Cad-mium Council/ILZRO, London, UK. 

Chaney, R.L., Hornick, S.B., 1977. Accumulation and effects of cadmium on crops. In Proceedings First International Cadmium Conference San Fransisco, Metal Bull. Ltd., Worcester, London, pp. 125-140. 

Marples, A.E., Thornton, L, 1980. The distribution of cadmium derived from geochemical and industrial sources in agricultural and pasture herbage in parts of Britain. In Cadmium (Proceedings of 2nd International Cadmium Conference, Cannes, 1979). Metal Bulletin Ltd., Worcester, London, pp. 74—79. 

EC member states have voted that there should be no further restriction on the marketing and use of cadmium pigments for plastics. The International Cadmium Association (ICA) believes that this should now be safeguarded for the next three years, when a more far-reaching report on cadmium and cadmium oxide is expected. A Directive (91/338/EEC) was adopted by the EC to harmonize restrictions on the use of cadmium-based pigments that had been introduced by different countries. It does not ban the use of these materials but limits their use. For example, cadmium-based pigments may not be used in plastics materials where there are other satisfactory substitutes. Polypropylene and polystyrene are specifically listed as polymers where non-cadmium pigments must be used where possible. Other polymers where there is a restriction include thermoplastic polyesters, poly(methyl methacrylate), cross-linked polyethylene and melamine, urea, and polyester resins. 

Lauwerys R, Roels H, Buchet JP, Bernard A, de Wals Ph (1982) Environmental pollution by cadmiiam in Belgiiam and health damage. In Wilson D, Volpe RA (eds) Proceedings 3rd International Cadmium Conference, Miami, February 3-5 1981. Cadmium.Associa-t tion, London, Cadmium Council, New York International Lead Zinc Research Organisation, New York, pp. 123-126... 

The International Cadmium Association (ICdA) in Brussels, Belgium, made an estimate of cadmium consumption for different end uses in 2001. Batteries account for 75%, pigments 12%, coatings and plating 8%, and stabihzers for plastics and similar purposes 4%. The remaining small amount of cadmium, 1%, is used in some very special applications such as nonferrous alloys and as cadmium telluride (CdTe) for electronic compounds. 

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