Internal reforming Carbonate

M. Farooque, ERC, "Development on Internal Reforming Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology, Final Report," prepared for U.S. DOE/METC, DOE/MC/23274-2941, October, 1990, Pgs. 4-19-4-29. 

M. Farooque, "Development of Internal Reforming Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack Technology," Performed under Contract No. DE-AC21-87MC23274, DOE/MC/23374-2941, October 1990. M. Farooque, et al., "Comparative Assessment of Coal-Fueled Carbonate Fuel Cell and Competing TQdaao o Q%," presented at the 25th lECEC, Vol. 3, pp. 193-200, 1990. 

Farooque M., 1991. Development of internal reforming carbonate fuel cell technology, final report, prepared for U.S. DOE/METC, DOE/MC/23 274-2941, pp. 3-6 to 3-11. 

M. Farooque, "Development of Internal Reforming Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack Technology," Performed under Contract No. DE-AC21-87MC23274, DOE/MC/23374-2941, October 1990. 

In the case where the fuel type is hydrocarbon for a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) unit, it can be catalyticaUy converted into hydrogen and carbon monoxide within the cell stack, known as internal reformation. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen thus produced are then electronically oxidised to carbon dioxide and water at the anode with the production of heat and electric current. Internal reforming can be of two types, as shown in Fig. 9.6 ... 

Fig, 4 CH4 conversion as a function of fuel cell fuel utilization in an internally reformed carbonate fuel cell 100% equilibrium is achieved at greater than 76% fuel utilization. 

For hydrogen reformer transfer lines, materials used are Incoloy 800, HK, and HT cast stainless steels. Wrought 300 series stainless steels and internally insulated carbon, carbon-V2, Mo. and IV4 Cr- /2 Mo steels. Reported failures of transfer lines indicate that failures are associated with... 

The revenue from carbon taxes can be used into the economy to reduce income taxes or levies on labor or capital investment. This may be part of a national or international reform of the taxation systems with the effects to shift the tax burden from "goods" like labor to "bads" like pollution. 

B. Baker, S. Gionfriddo, A. Leonida, H. Maru, P. Patel, "Internal Reforming Natural Gas Fueled Carbonate Fuel Cell Stack," Final Report prepared by Energy Research Corporation for the Gas Research Institute, Chicago, IL, under Contract No. 5081-244-0545, March, 1984. M. Farooque, Data from ERC testing, 1992. 

S. Kaneko et al., "Research on On-Site Internal Reforming Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell," 1989 Intemational Gas Research Conference, 1989. 

T. Tanaka, et al., "Development of Internal Reforming Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology," in Proceedings of the 25th lECEC, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, August 1990. 

First, we will refer to the direct use of hydrocarbon fuels in an SOFC as direct utilization rather than direct oxidation. Second, we recognize that the broadest definition of direct utilization, exclusive from mechanistic considerations, should include rather conventional use of fuel by internal reforming, with steam being cofed to the fuel cell with the hydrocarbon. Indeed, this nomenclature has been used for many years with molten-carbonate fuel cells. However, because internal reforming is essentially limited to methane and because the addition of steam with the fuel adds significant system complexity, we will focus primarily on systems and materials in which the hydrocarbons are fed to the fuel cell directly without significant amounts of water or oxygen. 

---