Internal reconstruction

The physical origin of this structural flexibility of the FeO overlayer is still unclear, the more so since no clear trend is observable in the sequence of lattice parameters of the coincidence structures. The FeO(l 11) phase forming up to coverages of 2-3 ML is clearly stabilized by the interactions with the Pt substrate since FeO is thermodynamically metastable with respect to the higher iron oxides [106,114], FeO has the rock salt structure and the (111) plane yields a polar surface with a high surface energy [115], which requires stabilization by internal reconstruction or external compensation. The structural relaxation observed in the form of the reduced Fe—O... 

A limited internal reconstruction of chemical bonds without the formation of a new compound and replacements is possible. 

Before starting the realisation of silicium coils, we construct a simpler probe with a 27 mm long excitation coil and 16 wired coil sensors, with 1 mm diameter and 1 mm long. We cannot hope any reconstruction with such a probe, but this allows to validate the whole approach. We tried it with test tubes with longitudinal or circonferential notches, external or internal, 100 pm wide, 100%, 60%, 40%, 20% and 10% deep. Our attention has been especially focused on circonferential notches, which are difficult to detect with usual probes. For example, the measurement signals at 240 kHz standard frequency are shown figure 6 7. 

Kalukin A.R., Effects of Internal Scattering on X-ray Microtomography Image Reconstruction , IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 44, No. 2, April 1997, pp. 142-147. 

Doering, E.R. Basart,. I.P. Gray,. I.N. Three-dimensional flaw reconstruction and dimensional analysis using a real-time X-ray imaging system. NDT-I-E International, Vol. 26(1), 1993, pp. 7-17. 

Laminographical approaches can be used for layer-by-layer visualization of the internal microstructure for the flat objects (multilayers, PCBs etc.), that caimot be reconstructed by computerized tomography because of the limited possibilities in rotation. Depth and lateral spatial resolutions are limited by the tube, camera and rotation accuracy. Microfocus X-ray tubes and digital registration techniques with static cameras allow improving resolution. Precision object manipulations and more effective distortion corrections can do further improvement. 

A first example of application of microtomography is taken from life sciences. Here X-ray microscopy and microtomography allows to reconstruct the internal three-dimensional microstructure without any preparation and sometimes even of living objects. Fig. la shows an X-ray transmission microscopical image of bone (femoral head). Several reconstructed cross-sections are shown in Fig.lb. Fig.lc shows the three-dimensional reconstruction of this bone. 

Another important application area is the non-destructive defectoscopy of electronic components. Fig.2a shows an X-ray shadow image of a SMC LED. The 3-dimensional displacement of internal parts can only be visualized non-destructively in the tomographic reconstmction. Reconstructed cross sections through this LED are shown in Fig.2b. In the same way most electronic components in plastic and thin metal cases can be visualized. Even small electronic assemblies like hybrid ICs, magnetic heads, microphones, ABS-sensors can be tested by microtomograpical methods. 

Information from other people, books, personal experiences and/or practice is seen as new perspectives to be considered and possibly used to reconstruct the learner s existing internal knowledge - new information is no longer seen as information to be added to a store of knowledge. 

Figure 5.67 Reconstructed ion chromatograms for Idoxifene and internal standard (ds-Idoxifene using LC-ToF-MS for (a) double-blank human plasma extract, (b) extract of blank human plasma containing internal standard (IS), and (c) control-blank human plasma spiked with Idoxifene at 5 gml , the LOQ of the method. Reprinted from 7. Chromatogr., B, 757, Comparison between liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and selected-reaction monitoring liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for quantitative determination of Idoxifene in human plasma , Zhang, H. and Henion, J., 151-159, Copyright (2001), with permission from Elsevier Science.

Cronin, T. et al. Augmentation mammaplasty A new natural feel prosthesis. Transactions 3rd International Congress Plastic. Reconstruction Surgery, Broadband, T.R., Ed., Excerpta Medica Foundation, Amsterdam, 1963, 41. 

Elgersman, F., Emission Factors for Aqueous Industrial Cadmium Discharges to the Rhine Basin. A Historical Reconstruction of the Period 1970-1988, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, 1994. 

Merkel, J. F. (1990), Experimental reconstruction of Bronze Age copper smelting based on archaeological evidence from Timna, in Rothenberg, B. (ed.), The Ancient Metallurgy of Copper, International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences, London, pp. 78-122. 

For any method of structure reconstruction by ab-initio methods additional assumptions must be made. The multipole expansion95 method of Harrison, Stuhr-mann, and Svergun ([86], Sect. 5.3 [101], Chap. 6) assumes homogeneous internal density. The shape of the scattering curve is fitted by varying the envelope of the particle. 

Quintiere, J. G. and Dillon, M. E., Scale model reconstruction of fire in an atrium, in Second International Symposium on Scale Modeling (ed. K. Saito), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 23-27 June 1997. 

Antoine, S.E., Pollard, A.M., Dresser, P.Q. and Whittle, A.W.R. (1988b). Bone chemistry and dietary reconstruction in Prehistoric Britain examples from Orkney, Scotland. In Proceedings of 26th International Archaeometry Symposium, Toronto, 1988, ed. Farquhar, R.M., Hancock, R.G.V. and Pavlish, L.A., University of Toronto, Toronto, pp. 101-106. 

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