Internal melt blending

Ethylene propylene diene rubber is a well-known general-purpose rubber with a significant commercial importance. It has been one of the main mbbers to be investigated with organo-treated layered silicates to study the effects of nanoreinforcement on properties.EPDM nanocomposites with clays have been prepared by simple static mixing in confined chamber such as Haake, solution blending, and on a laboratory two roll mill. However, most EPDM/clay nanocomposites have been produced by conventional, internal melt blending process. " ... 

Mixing was performed by internal mixer (Haake Rheomix 600P). The mixing temperature was 180 °C, with a rotor speed of 100 rpm and 13 min mixing time. The indirect technique (IDT) was used to prepare nanocomposites, this involved mixing the MWCNTs with LNR separately, before it was melt blended with PP and NR in the internal mixer. TPNR nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending of PP, NR and LNR with MWCNTs in a ratio of 70 wt% PP, 20 wt% NR and 10 wt% LNR as a compatibilizer and 2 wt%, 4 wt%, 6 wt% and 8 wt% MWCNTs. 

Flow also induces the formation of micro-emulsions, as it can detach the pinch-offs from the interface. As shown by Kim et al. [76] for a bilayer of reactive PS-end-carboxylic and PMMA-ran-epoxy, micro-emulsions could be observed in a shear fiow under a shear rate of 100 s after less than 50 min, while for static conditions they would form after 15 h [57[. In the case of melt blends prepared in internal mixers, micro-emulsions could be detected after less than 5 min of mixing, thus demonstrating again the importance of fiow [68[. 

PLA-NR/ENR in different ratios Melt blending conducted in an internal mixer at 170°C, 50rpm, followed by compression (170°C, ISOOpsi) Different applications including in medicine Morphology evaluation using SEM, DSC, TGA, and tensile testing [84]... 

MWCNT/PP nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending at 200°C with a rotor speed of 60 rpm using an internal batch mixer. SEM images of the fracture surface in the composites demonstrated that PS-grafted MWCNTs were dispersed well in... 

Mirzazadeb et al. [152] prepared master batches of maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene with different loadings of organoclay in an internal mixer and then added polypropylene to give polypropylene nanocomposites with different degrees of intercalation. The polypropylene nanocomposites prepared were melt-blended with ethylene-propylene-diene rnbber in the presence of a vulcanizing system. 

By far the most common technique for mixing NR with polar synthetic elastomers is melt blending. Equipment such as open mills, internal mixers and extruders supports dispersive mixing. Also, the relatively high viscosity that appears after mixing prevents phase separation and promotes efficient... 

Homogenization of plasticizer or solvent-free plastics (plastication) demands high shear forces. It is accomplished by internal melt mixing to eliminate phase boundaries between polymer particles, zones of different densities, and internal stresses. This problem is very important mainly in mixing PVC paste-making resin which has a surface specially treated at high temperature for a better resistance to plasticizers [7]. The plastication is then slightly more difficult to realize PVC dry blends allow the use of faster processes for their transformation. 

Blends were obtained by melt blending in an internal mixer. 

Regarding PEN nanocomposites, Si02-based systems have been developed since 2004 by Ahn, Kim, and Lee (2004), who surface-modified silica nanoparticles to improve their dispersion in the polymer during melt blending in an internal mixer. They reported on the increase of the elastic modulus and elongation at break at low nanoparticle content (0.4%wt). On the same nanocomposite system, Kim et al. showed an increase of several chemical-physical properties (thermal stability, dynamic mechanical behavior, and crystallization kinetics) after nanoparticle addition, and also a fourfold gain in the elastic modulus above the glass... 

The polymers were melt blended first and then Cloisite 15A was added at a 5 wt.% loading in the polymer. The equipment was described as an internal mixer. No additional information was provided as to the manufacturer or the physical description of the mixer. The mixing conditions were 100°C at 80 r/min for 20 min. No additional processing information was provided. The test samples were compression molded at 100°C for 1 min. The pressure was not provided. The samples were characterized by WAXS. No TEM pictures were provided. Hence, no information was provided to determine the montmorillonite orientation in relation to the direction of stress for the modulus evaluations. 

The importance of the surface treatment of the montmorillonite in relation to the observations of the phenomenon above is illustrated in Kim and White [41]. Cloisite 20A was used as the organomontmorillonite that was melt blended with PDVF (Solef 1008 manufactured by Solvay). A Brabender internal mixer was utilized to prepare the polymer-montmorillonite composites. The r/min was 100, the mixing temperature was 180°C, and the mixing time was 5 min. 

Malik TM, Carreau PJ, Qiapleau N (1989) Qiaracterization of liquid crystalline polyester polycarbonate blends. Polym Eng Sci 29(9) 600-608 Manson JAE, Seferis JC (1992) Process simulated laminate (PSL) a methodology to internal stress characterization in advanced composite materials. J Compos Mater 26(3) 405 31 Meng YZ, Tjong SC, Hay AS (1998) Morphology, rheological and thermal properties of the melt blends of poly (phthalazinone ether ketone sulfone) with liquid crystalline copolyester. Polymer 39(10) 1845-1850... 

ILs have been recently evaluated as non-volatile plasticizers and as external or internal lubricants in several polymers including PVC [3], PMMA [4] and polyamides [5]. In this article, an amorphous PL A (polylactide) polymer is blended with two phosphonium-based ILs at various ratios by melt-blending, solution casting and a microencapsulation technique in order to investigate polymer/IL miscibility and its role in the development of a modified polymer with novel rheological, mechanical and thermal characteristics. Results of thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, capillary rheometry, batch mixer torque measurements and optical microscopy are discussed. 

PET as well as PET nanocomposites were obtained by melt-blending in an internal mixer (16 cm Brabender Plastograph) during a mixing time of 4 minutes at a temperature of 260 C. The mixing was performed at a... 

Elastomer-plastic blends without vulcanization were prepared either in a two roll mill or Banbury mixer. Depending on the nature of plastic and rubber the mixing temperature was changed. Usually the plastic was fed into the two roll mill or an internal mixer after preheating the mixer to a temperature above the melting temperature of the plastic phase. The plastic phase was then added and the required melt viscosity was attained by applying a mechanical shear. The rubber phase was then added and the mixture was then melt mixed for an additional 1 to 3 min when other rubber additives, such as filler, activator, and lubricants or softeners, were added. Mixing was then carried out with controlled shear rate... 

TPEs from blends of rubber and plastics constitute an important category of TPEs. These can be prepared either by the melt mixing of plastics and rubbers in an internal mixer or by solvent casting from a suitable solvent. The commonly used plastics and rubbers include polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), nylon, ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), natural rubber (NR), butyl rubber, nitrile rubber, etc. TPEs from blends of rubbers and plastics have certain typical advantages over the other TPEs. In this case, the required properties can easily be achieved by the proper selection of rubbers and plastics and by the proper change in their ratios. The overall performance of the resultant TPEs can be improved by changing the phase structure and crystallinity of plastics and also by the proper incorporation of suitable fillers, crosslinkers, and interfacial agents. 

De Sarkar et al. [52] have reported a series of new TPEs from the blends of hydrogenated SBR and PE. These binary blends are prepared by melt mixing of the components in an internal mixer, such as Brabender Plasticorder. The tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus, set, and hysteresis loss of such TPEs are comparable to conventional rubbers and are excellent. At intermediate blend ratio, the set values show similarity to those typical of TPEs (Table 5.5). 

Glass transition temperature (Tg), measured by means of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of E-plastomers has been measured in binary blends of iPP and E-plastomer. These studies indicate some depression in the Tg in the binary, but incompatible, blends compared to the Tg of the corresponding neat E-plastomer. This is attributed to thermally induced internal stress resulting from differential volume contraction of the two phases during cooling from the melt. The temperature dependence of the specific volume of the blend components was determined by PVT measurement of temperatures between 30°C and 270°C and extrapolated to the elastomer Tg at —50°C. 

---