Ballistics internal

The one-dimensional momentum equation for the internal ballistics of a gun is represented 

With fixed physical dimensions of a gun barrel, the thermodynamic efficiency of a gun propellant is expressed by its ability to produce as high a pressure in the barrel as possible from a given propellant mass within a limited time. 

In general, the internal pressure in a gun barrel exceeds 200 MPa, and the pressure exponent, n, of the propellant burning rate given by Eq. (1.80) is 1. When n = 1, the burning rate of a gun propellant is represented by 

Substituting Eq. (1.89) into Eq. (1.82), the velocity change of the projectile is determined by 

The velocity of the projectile is obtained by integration of Eq. (1.90) from the initial stage to the stage zp. 

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F. R. W. Hunt, ed.. Internal Ballistics, Philosophical Library, New York, 1951. 

In sending a rocket into the sky we are calling into action several laws of physics and chemistry, and the same laws apply whether the application is a small firework rocket weighing a few ounces or a solid propellant booster for the space shuttle containing around 300 tons of propellant. These fundamental processes may be conveniently divided into internal ballistics and external ballistics. 

BALLISTICS (INTERNAL) The science of internal ballistics is concerned with the propulsion of a projectile such as a shell along the tube of a mortar by gas pressure acting on the base of the shell, or, in the case of rockets, by the backward exhaust of the gas jet. 

S) Spin-Setback Simulator Test. Accdg to Ref 39, pIIB-43, equipment simulating spin velocity, angular acceleration and setback exerted on an arilllery fuze as experienced in combination during the phase of internal ballistics was supposed to be constructed at the end of 1966 by the Artillery Ammunition Laboratory, Ammunition Engineering Directorate, PicArsn,... 

Internal Ballistics of Barrel Weapons and of Solid Propellant Rockets (Vnutrenniya Ballistika Stvol nykh Sistem i Porokhovykh Raket). Title of the book by M. E. Serebriakov, GosNauch —TekhlzdatOboronghiz, Moskva (1962), 3rd edition, 703 pp... 

Six 17-pounder gun barrels were used for comparative wear trials with proplnts of different compns. The barrels were all made of Ni-Cr-Mo steel to the same specification, and were sufficiently similar in compn, mechanical props and micro structure to ensure that differences in the final conditions of their bores were due solely to the different propellants used to obtain approx similar internal ballistics... 

A. Interior or Internal Ballistics- the study of Motion of the projectile whiie still in the bore of the gun. This includes the.consideration of the mode of combustion of the propellant, the pressure developed in the chamber, the velocity of the projectile along the DDre, etc... 

Nekrassoff, Contract NOrd 10260(1954), Washington, DC, p22 13)Anon, Exterior Ballistics , USMilAcad,West Point,NY(1949)(Pamphlet) 14)R.N.Wimpress, Interior Ballistics of Solid Fuel Rockets ,McGraw-Hill,NY(1950) 15)J. Comer, Theory of Internal Ballistics of Guns ,... 

Wimpress, "Internal Ballistics of Solid-Fuel Rockets , McGraw-Hill, NY(1950), 16-28 12)B.L. 

Blasters Hdb(1952) Corner,Ballistics(1950) instead of Blaster s Hdb(1952) of Vol 1, p Abbr 67 J.Comer,"Theory of Internal Ballistics of Guns, Wiley, NY(1950)... 

SACMS,Ballistics(l951) Scientific Advisory Council of Ministry of Supplies (Great Britain), F.R.H.Hunt, Chairman, "Internal Ballistics, Philosophical Library, NY(l951)... 

At pressures up to 40 tons/inz, corresponding to density of 0.35 g/cc, only the first 3 terms in the equation need be kept. Thus the pressure dependence of the thermodynamic props can be evaluated from a knowledge of the 2nd 3rd virial coeffs of the various gaseous products. Tables are presented which cover the range 1600° - 4000° K, and which have found considerable application in internal ballistics. 

As in the theory of detonation, specialists on internal ballistics were working on thermodynamic and hydrodynamic theories. Conceptions of the mechanism of combustion in the thirties were quite primitive. 

We assume—at present this is only a hypothesis—that our theoretical investigations relate also to the combustion of powders, and especially to smokeless powders. Classical internal ballistics does not consider the question of the intimate mechanism and stages of the chemical reactions which comprise the essence of powder combustion. However, many of Belyaev s arguments and our—Frank-Kamenetskii and the author—work remain applicable. The presently proposed hypothetical scheme of powder combustion differs only in that, instead of reversible evaporation, we must speak of a primary (irreversible) reaction transforming the powder into a gas, but not into the final combustion products, followed by the reaction of combustion proper, accompanied by the release of the primary part of the reaction heat. 

Since the spherical shape is unfavorable from internal ballistical considerations (very degressive), follows, a thorough -+ Surface Treatment the purpose of which is to sheathe the faster-burning core by a slower-burning shell. 

The internal ballistic pressure resulting from an explosion of a powder propellant can reach up to 600 MPa and a temperature of up to 4000 K. Under such conditions of extreme pressure and temperature, the calculation of thermodynamic data is possible only using a suitable equation of state, whereby pressure R temperature T, the density of gasp and the specific number of moles ns are associated. 

For internal ballistics one ordinarily uses a truncated virial equation which breaks off after the third term and is in the form ... 

The basis data for internal ballistic calculations are thus obtained (also -> Ballistic Bomb - Burning Rate). As an example for the calculation of a double base gunpowder ) composition... 

R. N. Wimpress, Internal Ballistics of Solid-Fuel Rockets, New York McGraw-Hill, 1950. 

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