Interlayer structure

Interlayer Structure of OMLFs and Intercalation 9.2.2.1 Nano-fillers... 

In characterizing layered silicate, including layered titanate (HTO), the surface charge density is particularly important because it determines the interlayer structure of the intercalants as well as the cation exchange capacity (CEC). Lagaly proposed a method of calculation consisting of total elemental analysis and the dimensions of the unit cell [15] ... 

Fig. 9.3 Illustration of a model of interlayer structure of intercalant N-(cocoalkyl)-N,N-[bis (2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-methyl ammonium cation (qCi4(OH)) in the gallery space of layered titanate (HTO). The average distance between exchange sites is 0.888 nm, calculated from the surface charge density of 1.26e /nm2. For qCi4(OH), the obtained molecular length,...

The fast reactions of ions between aqueous and mineral phases have been studied extensively in a variety of fields including colloidal chemistry, geochemistry, environmental engineering, soil science, and catalysis (1-6). Various experimental approaches and techniques have been utilized to address the questions of interest in any given field as this volume exemplifies. Recently, chemical relaxation techniques have been applied to study the kinetics of interaction of ions with minerals in aqueous suspension (2). These methods allow mechanistic information to be obtained for elementary processes which occur rapidly, e.g., for processes which occur within seconds to as fast as nanoseconds (j0. Many important phenomena can be studied including adsorption/desorption reactions of ions at electri fied interfaces and intercalation/deintercalation of ions with minerals having unique interlayer structure. 

Fig. 14 View of the ordered interlayer structure of the green rust with stoichiometry [Fe 4Fe 2(OH)i2]S04- ca. 8H2O. Reprinted with permission from [157]. Copyright Elsevier SAS...

Fig.29 Interlayer structure of [Ca2Al(0H)6]Cl-2H20 the high-temperature rhombohe-dral form (represented by a projection along the Ch axis is shown on the left and the low-temperatiue monoclinic form (represented by a projection on the (Um, bm) plane is shown on the right. Reprinted with permission from [112]. Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd...

Figure 56 (a-d) Schematic interlayer structure of the intercalation compounds of the layered niobates and titanates with Ru(bpy)3+ ions. See text for more details. (From Ref. 109b. Copyright 1995 The American Chemical Society.)... 

FIGURE 7.26. (a) Molecular structure of compounds 42—45 (b) TEM images of a bundle of nanorods formed by compound 43 (Upper), and closer view of the bundle (Lower), (c) Pictorial representation of the nanorods formed by self-assembly of salt 43 in water, (d) Nanotubules formed by compound 45 observed at different scales. The measures of the two focused tubules are 35 x 530 and 50 x 470 nm. (e) Most stable dimeric structures of 45. Note that Upper is 6 kcal/mol per molecule more stable than Lower. (Upper) Interlayered structure (see text). (Lower) Porphyrin stacked structure. Notice that the porphyrin stacked structure is 2 kcal/mol per molecule more stable than the interlayered structure. 

Sposito and co-workers employed a rigid framework for the clay lattice that has been used successfully to predict rf(001) layer spacing, interlayer structure, and water self-diffusion coefficients [62-80], Calculated layer spacings and thermodynamic properties, as well as interlayer water configurations and interlayer-species self-diffusion coefficients are in agreement with available experimental data. 

Vaia, R. A., Teukolsky, R. K., and Giannelis, E.P. Interlayer structure and molecular environment of alkylammonium layered silicates, Chem. Mater. (1994), 6, 1017-1022. 

Figure 9.1. Schematic representation of the interlayer structure of a M2+/M3+ LDH, based on the brucite structure. Interlayer anions (A" ) and water are present.

We end up with a picture of the interlayer structure of a bridging polymer like that illustrated in Figure 13.7. Although Figure 13.7 is only a sketch, I would like to draw your attention to several features that are consistent with all the results on the clay-PEO system described in the last three chapters. First, some PEO segments zigzag across the surface, in the layer directly adjacent to the surface oxygens of... 

Other types of cell membrane interaction have also been examined. For example Wang et al. have used an electrochemical SPR sensor to monitor peroxidase enzyme activity within the plasma membrane [77]. As a means of improving stability and creating a closer approximation of a true cell membrane, interlayer structures between the lower phospholipid leaf and the solid supports have been tested. Cushion layers based on PEG to enable transmembrane protein insertion were tested by Munro et al. [78], while Schuster et al. have reviewed the use of S-layer proteins as a construction element [79, 80]. 

Greathouse, J. and Sposito, G., Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics studies of interlayer structure in Li(H20)3-smectites, J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 2406, 1998. 

Interlayer distance data of DA intercalated OL-l samples show that only one layer of amines was intercalated into the layers with average intercalation angles of about 40, 69, and 61°, respectively, for en-OL-1, 1,6-DHA-OL-l, and 1,10-HOA-OL-1. TMA intercalated H-OL-1 had two kinds of interlayer distances of 2.58 and 1.18 nm. The larger interlayer structure may include two layers of TMA and three layers of water molecules according to diameters of these molecules/ions. The small one included one layer of TMA cations and one layer of water molecules corresponded to the type II model of TMA manganese oxide prepared by redox methods using tetramethylammonium permanganate [33]. The structures of TEA, TPA, and TBA... 

Smith, D.E. 1998. Molecular computer simulations of the swelling properties and interlayer structure of cesium-montmorillonite. Langmuir 14 5959-5967. 

Transport of materials in bentonite is controlled by the interlayer structure of montmorillonite lamellae and by interlayer cations. The governing equation of transport is given by... 

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