Interlacing chains

The amorphous or molten polymer is a conglomeration of badly packed interlacing chains, and the extra empty space caused by this random molecular arrangement is called the free volume, which essentially consists of all holes in the matrix. When sufficient thermal energy is available, the vibrations can cause a segment to jump into a hole by cooperative bond rotation and a series of such jumps will enable the polymer chain eventually to change its position. 

The approach is based on a combination of the linear viscoelastic theory with elements of the elasticity theory developed by Erman, Floiy and Monnery in which the free energy of elasticity, AA i, is considered as a sum of the phantom component, AApj, and a component of steric entanglements determined by interlacing chains andjunctions. ... 

As a result, leather is made up of interlaced bundles of coUagen fibers (Fig. 1). A schematic model of coUagen bundles in leather is shown in Figure 2 (4). A coUagen bundle (about 80 )Tm in diameter) is made up of coUagen fibers (1—4 pm), composed of microfibrils (0.08—0.1 pm). Furthermore, a microfibril consists of many protofibrils (about 1.5 nm), which consist of several bundles of polypeptide chains. 

The basic stitch produced in warp knitting is the chain stitch. The yam is looped around the needle stem and another loop of the yam is formed in the hook of the needle and is then pulled through the first loop, itself then becoming the loop held on the needle shaft, whilst another loop is formed in the hook. In this way a chain of interlaced loops is formed. By displacing every other loop onto the next needle, the chains of interlaced loops are linked together to form the simple knotted tricot structure. If one of the yam loops become broken in this type of fabric then the whole fabric, in the line of the yam, will unzip . This problem can be overcome by displacing the throw of the stitches. 

We realized that improvement in the yields of trefoil knots would be determined by (i) the proportion of double helix precursor formed compared with face-to-face open chain complex (Figure 18) (ii) the spatial arrangement of the four reacting ends of the helical dinuclear complex. This latter factor will reflect the extent of winding of the two molecular strings interlaced around the copper atoms. The various complexes synthesized and studied are depicted in Figure 21 [96]. 

Consequently, a molecular polymer chain bends forming coils and curves (see Figure 2.41), where neighboring chains interlace and entangle. The massive entanglement of the chain molecules in elastic materials is the origin of the big expansion exhibited by elastic materials [8],... 

Solvation effects arising from the organization of solvent molecules near an interlace or between the chains of adsorbed macroraolecules. 

Catenanes Compounds made up of two or more rings interlaced as links in a chain. 

Figure 1.3.19 A warp-and-weft like 2D layer of 2-over/2-under chains (left) (Y.-H. Li, C.-Y. Su, A. M. Goforth, K. D. Shimizu, K. D. Gray, M. D. Smith, H.-C. zur Loye, Chem. Commun. 2003, 1630) and interlaced 5-fold helixes (right) (Y. Cui, S.J. Lee, W. Lin,...

Samples of carbon structures with the linear chains as carbine (Fig. 3), which were made in Institute of Adsorbents of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine are studied. The separate carbine strings with length of 0.5-1 cm, an interlacing of strings (garrot) and garrot of strings in the pressed kind were used. 

Shish-Kebab structure shish-k3- bab n. A term borrowed from the broiling kitchen to designate a polymeric microstructure in which the random-coil chain of an amorphous polymer (shish) has been interlaced with crystalline cross-segments (kebab) produced by shearing the polymer in the molten condition or in solution. The string-of-lumps microstructure so resembles the edible dehcacy that its borrowed name seems quite apt. Ehas HG (1977) Macromolecules, vols 1—2. Plenum Press, New York. 

Unlike the double lock stitch, the looper thread for the double-chain stitch (Fig. 10.6) is fed from a supply reel on the reel stand over guiding and thread-tightening elements to the thread-guiding gripper. The different phases of the interlacing of needle thread and bobbin thread by a double-chain stitch are as follows ... 

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