Interim measures, examples

Once a decision is made that interim measures are needed, then the next question is what interim measures might be required for this particular situation. Examples of interim measures for various RCRA treatment, storage and disposal facilities, and for various release types are listed in Table 1. Note that these are examples their inclusion does not infer either guidance or approval. 

We must also be prepared to enforce a standard if it is important enough. It is inappropriate to use such measures to achieve what is, in effect, a permanent reduction in a standard. For example, if exceedances of a standard routinely occur and are simply accepted, then what the public might think is that compliance with an annual average concentration of 10 mg L-1 is in fact only compliance with a concentration of 20 mg L"1. If the latter is environmentally acceptable, then it should have been used as a standard in the first place. Only if they are steps on a path toward full compliance should such interim measures be tolerated (e.g., for particular hot spots or problem periods). 

Interim measures are additional controls applied in relation to computer functionality that support critical quality-related activities. They are implemented where compliance gaps are considered to exist, to provide added assurance of control, and to justify the continued use of a computer system. Interim measures are used to supplement or replace defined computer functionality. Examples of interim measures include ... 

When a hazard is identified, the preferred corrective actions and/or control cannot always be accomplished immediately. Interim measures must be taken to minimize risk— for example, taping down loose wiring that poses a tripping hazard, shutting down a piece of equipment temporarily, etc. The importance of taking these interim protective action steps cannot be overemphasized. There is no way to predict when a hazard will cause serious harm, and no justification for continuing to expose employees unnecessarily [2]. 

With these arrays, we can now study in detail sources that do not appear in surveys. Eventually, we need to have new, large-scale surveys to allow systematic studies to the full attainable depth. As an interim measure, we need to make limited area surveys (for example, source lists from imaging a molecular doud) available to the general community, rather than publishing them as statistically analyzed abstractions. A number of journals have suitable vehides for releasing such infomoation. 

Nucleation overpotential — In 1898 Haber showed that different reaction products could be obtained at different -> electrode potentials, using the reduction of nitrobenzene as an example [i]. However, a further forty four years would elapse before the invention of the -> potentiostat by Hickling (1942), which finally made the control of the electrode potential routine [ii]. In the interim, a tradition developed of describing the mechanisms of electrode reactions in terms of current as input and overpotential as output. The culmination of this tradition was Vetters magnum opus of 1961 which summarized much of the theory of - overpotentials [iii]. Today, the use of overpotentials survives only in certain specialist applications, such as in metal plating, where nucleation overpotentials continue to be routinely measured. The relation between the rate of nucleation of bulk crystals and overpotential was first derived in 1931 by -> Erdey-Gruz and... 

In the evaluation of new materials for potential structural applications, it is important that the structural characteristics be measured as early as possible in the evolution cycle of the material. In response to a growing awareness of the risk inherent in developing totally new and "unknown" materials, the Air Force is developing an evaluation process for structural polymers that reduces the risk with concomitant increase in investment. Interim progress reports have been given on the evaluation process, along with example characteristics measured for some polymers. ... 

Table 2 Using ready and inherent biodegradability data to derive input data for the EQui-librium Criterion (EQC) model [35]. Multimedia fate models like the EQC model require compartmental half-lives for air, water, soil, and sediment. The scheme in the table is offered as an interim procedure for assigning half-lives for input to such models. These are bulk half-lives (i.e., for the compartment as a whole). They are not to be interpreted as (necessarily) half-lives for any specific process, such as biodegradation. No assumptions which compromise their interpretation as bulk half-lives should be made, including, for example, the assumption that biodegradation is the important process and occurs in soil pore water only. Air half-lives are not addressed here and it is assumed that data for input to models are either measured or derived from AOPWIN or similar methodology.

The main focus of this study is upon explicit-discovered indicators. These indicators are measures of change that are routinely and unobtrusively produced by one or another agency - usually, but not necessarily, a government agency. Examples include statistics on PhD production, high school enrollment, or the number of patents issued. Their use as indicators awaits only their discovery, which can be no mean task. Complete dependence on such explicit-discovered indicators would imply commitment to an interim empiricism. Instead explicit-invented indicators have also been used wherever possible. These indicators — measures that are constructed deliberately - are usually theory-laden series of normative interest. ... 

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