Intercalation of aniline

Figure 3.8 Intercalation of aniline into a layered solid.

Figure 3. Intercalation of aniline into FeOCl (after ref. lOd).

Chang et al. also reported on the intercalation of aniline into zirconium phosphate sulfophenylphosphonate (ZPS), an organo derivative of a-zirconium phosphate [70]. The hydrophilic (—SO3H) groups in ZPS promote swelling of ZPS, which served as a template for aniline. The aniline-ZPS system was then oxidized with ammonium peroxydisulfate to yield a polyaniline-ZPS composite. However, there is no X-ray evidence that has been provided to support the formation of an intercalated phase. 

B. Bonnet, R. El Mejjad, M.-H. Herzog, D. J. Jones, and J. Roziere, Protonation and oxidative intercalation of aniline in two-dimensional inorganic substrates, Mater. Sci. Forum, 91-93, 177-182 (1992). 

In situ intercalative Step 1 Intercalated irradiation Intercalation of aniline into Cu- 135 149... 

M.H. Herzog-Cance, D.J. Jones, R.E1. Mejjad, J. Roziere J. Tomkinson (1992). J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans., 88, 2275-2281. Study of ion exchange and intercalation of organic bases in layered substrates by vibrational spectroscopy. Inelastic neutron scattering, infrared and Raman spectroscopies of aniline inserted alpha and gamma zirconium hydrogen phosphates. 

Rh Ions and Rh - Diamine Complexes Intercalated in a - and Y - Zirconium Hydrogen Phosphate as Stable and Effective Catalysts for the Conversion of Aniline or Nitrobenzene to Carbamates and/or N,N - diphenylurea. Part 3. 

The properties of a- or y- zirconium hydrogen phosphate, a synthetic inorganic ion-exchanger material with layered structure, as "heterogenizing" support for carbonylation reactions are still to be studied. Our first studies in this field showed that the Pd(II)-2,2 -bipyridyl complex intercalated in these materials catalyzes the oxidative carbonylation of aniline even though its activity falls with time, because the support slowly loses palladium and deactivates during the catalysis process [2]. 

Using a one-pot reaction design, an intercalated compound of polyaniline into M0O3 was prepared by Shao et al. [60]. This particular method of synthesis uses a coprecipitation route to fabricate the layered structure. An excess of aniline was acidified to a pH of 0.5, to which was added ammonium molybdate [(NH4)gMo7024.7H20] and FeCl3. The powder pattern of the isolated product revealed the formation of an intercalated phase of polyanihne into M0O3. The identity of the entrapped polymer was confirmed by FTIR... 

The intercalation of PANI in zirconium phosphate (ZrP) was also reported by Chang et al. [69]. Different phases of zirconium phosphate, such as y-ZrP, the dihydrogen form of a-ZrP [o -ZrP(HH)], and o -ZrP(NaNa), were intercalated with aniline by either ion-exchange or adsorption, and then polymerized by oxidizing agents such as ammonium peroxydisulfate and iron (III) chloride. The resulting polyaniline nanocomposites showed measurable electrical conductivities, as listed in Table 6.3. 

By using an exfoliation and flocculation technique, Prasad et al. were able to prepare a polyaniline/NbWOe hybrid material [74]. Dispersed nanosheets of HNbWOe were obtained by treating HNbWOe with tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide. The suspension of the exfoliated layers was then added to an alcoholic solution of aniline, followed by addition of a few drops of 1M HCl, and overnight sonication in order to induce flocculation of the aniline-NbWOe nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was isolated by centrifugation, and dried. Treatment of the nanocomposite with O2 at 130 °C for several weeks resulted in the formation of intercalated PANI. 

H. Inoue and H. Yoneyama, Electropolymerization of aniline intercalated in montmorillonite,... 

MnO has been also coated with PANl to improve its electrochemical performance. Shin et al found that the cobalt-intercalated layered manganese oxide (CLMO) displayed the excellent cyclability over 40 cycles, although it exhibited a low discharge capacity (143 mA h g at 40 mA g current density) [51]. After chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline... 

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