Intercalation oxides

Fig. 8 Long range charge transport between dppz complexes of Ru(III) and an artificial base, methyl indole, in DNA. The methyl indole is paired opposite cytosine and separated from the intercalating oxidant by distances up to 37 A. In all assemblies, the rate constant for methyl indole formation was found to be coincident with the diffusion-controlled generation of Ru(III) (> 107 s )> indicating that charge transport is not rate limiting over this distance regime...

Recently, new types of organic positives, formed by a mixture of dimercaptan with polyaniline, have been reported. These composite materials appear to have an energy density higher than that of most inorganic intercalation oxides and good cyclability. However, use of these materials in practical rechargeable lithium batteries has still to be confirmed. 

The guest species intercalates into the host if the chemical potential difference between the pure guest atoms and the guest species in the host is negative. Intercalation then proceeds and reaches equilibrium when the chemical potential difference reaches zero. As an example, an electrochemical cell with an intercalating oxide host V6O13 for lithium is described by ... 

Hunter et al [102] used both impedance and cyclic voltammetry to measure Cl for poly(vinylferrocene) films. Good agreement was found for Cl determined by the two independent techniques. Ho et al [103] had shown earlier that impedance techniques could be used to study insertion processes for intercalation oxides, but were unable to make observations at low enough frequencies to observe the redox capacity region. Mermillod et al [61] determined Cl with impedance and cyclic voltammetry on electrodes fabricated from poly(pyrrole) powders. 

Chiang YM, Wang H, Jang YI (2001) Electrochemically induced cation disorder and phase transformations in lithium intercalation oxides. Chem Mater 13 53-63... 

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