Inter circuit

The sectional-module SGs have demonstrated high operating robustness in the event if inter-circuit leaks. During the entire period of SG operation there have been twelve water/steam-to-sodium leak events, half of which occurred in the first year of operation and were caused by development of latent manufacturing defects. Intercircuit leaks were mainly in the superheater modules (six events) and in the reheaters (five events), while in the evaporators there was only one leak event (Table 2.2). 

Steam generator PGN-200M (model of the BN-600 reactor steam generator) has been in operation generating steam for 15 160 hours. It was decommissioned because of inter-circuit leak. This leak was revealed by detectors of hydrogen in the argon cover gas of pressure compensatory tank. Studies have revealed ingress of 3 kg of water into the secondary sodium... 

Inter-circuit leaks were mainly in the superheater modules (six events) and in the reheaters (five events), while in the evaporators there were only one leak event (Table 2). 

The heat exchange surface of the steam generator is arranged above the core in the annular gap between the reactor pressure vessel and the in-vessel barrel. The steam generator is of the once-through, cassette-type. The maximum possible inter-circuit leak is equivalent to an orifice of 24 mm diameter for feedwater and of 40 mm diameter for steam. The SG cassettes are combined in twelve independent sections with individual supply of feed water and removal of steam out of the reactor and guard vessel. 

By-design elimination of large-diameter pipelines in the primary circuit the use of leak restricting devices for coolant outflow as well as in the absence of inter circuit leak-tightness of the steam generator ... 

In case of inter-circuit leaks, it is possible to cut off any section automatically or remotely. Identification of the leaking section is carried out with the use of the detection blocks of the radiation and process control system. Finding and disabling a faulty module is carried out during reactor shutdown. 

Lead-bismuth coolant reacts very slightly with water and air. Progression of accidental processes caused by failures of primary circuit tightness and steam generator (SG) inter-circuit leaks takes place without hydrogen release or exothermic reactions. In addition, there are no materials within the core and the reactor installation that release hydrogen as a result of thermal or radiation effects, or chemical reactions with the coolant. Therefore, the likelihood of chemical explosions and fires as internal events is virtually eliminated. 

Experience in construction and operation of heat-exchange equipment with systems for inter-circuit boundary integrity control. 

The motor makes rumbling noise and the stator eurrent fluctuates. The rotor circuit may be broken and should be repaired. If the motor also overheats, there may be an inter-turn fault or a short-circuit between the phases. Detect these and rectify if possible, otherwise rewind the motor. 

When an HT-VT develops an inter-turn fault on the HV side, there is no appreciable rise in the primary circuit current and w hich may not be delected. But, it... 

Coldren, L. A. Corzine, S. W., Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits, Wiley Inter science Publications, New York, NY, 1995. 

Figure 12. Basic scheme showing dual energy inputs and interactions with the coil. The output of each of these two interactions also feeds forward to the other interaction as an additional input to it, resulting in interative pingpong of additional energy collection in the circuit, providing energy gain.

However, high electrolyte conductivity on its own does not necessarily guarantee low polarization in a solid state cell. Electrode/electrolyte inter-facial resistance must also be taken into account, and in contrast to the more familiar situation with conventional aqueous systems where the solid electrodes are uniformly wetted by the liquid electrolyte, the all-solid configuration of the cell may create non-uniform contact at the interfaces. Differential expansion and contraction of electrodes and electrolyte may lead to poor contact (and consequent high internal resistance due to low effective electrode/electrolyte interfacial area) or even to a complete open circuit during cell operation. The situation is even more serious with secondary cells, as illustrated schematically in Fig. 9.4, where the effects... 

Figure 8.2.2 (a) Schematic of the four-coil probehead introduced in Reference [12]. The four individual solenoidal coils are represented by an inductance (L), series resistance (R), and inter-turn capacitance (Q. The entire circuit was impedance-matched to 50 it at a frequency of 300 MHz by using the variable capacitors Ct and Cm. (b) Photograph of the four-coil assembly. Reprinted from MacNamara, E., Hou. T., Fisher, G., Wilhams, S. and Raftery, D., Multiplex Sample NMR an approach to high-throughput NMR using a parallel coil probe , Anal. Chem. Acta, 397, 9-16, copyright (1999), with permission of Elsevier Science... 

The manufacture of silicon integrated circuits involves a sequence of inter-related steps, each designed to purify, modify, deposit, or pattern materials. Figure 3 illustrates the principal steps from silicon purification to packaging. A good review of the entire process can be found in Wolf and Tauber [6]. The requirement for ultrapure starting reagents (contaminants... 

In the case of viscoelastic loaded QCM two approaches have been followed one methodology is to treat the device as an acoustic transmission line with one driven piezo-electric quartz layer and one or more surface mechanical load (TLM) [50, 51]. A simpler approach is to use a lumped-element model (LEM) that represents mechanical inter-actions by their equivalent electrical BVD circuit components [52, 53]. 

The complications and sources of error associated with the polarization resistance method are more readily explained and understood after introducing electrical equivalent circuit parameters to represent and simulate the corroding electrochemical interface (1,16-20). The impedance method is a straightforward approach for analyzing such a circuit. The electrochemical impedance method is conducted in the frequency domain. However, insight is provided into complications with time domain methods given the duality of frequency and time domain phenomena. The simplest form of such a model is shown in Fig. 3a. The three parameters (Rp, Rs, and C d,) that approximate a corroding electrochemical inter-... 

---