Intelligent materials selection

Do not always be subservient to convention, because intelligent materials selection should decrease some of these welding complications. For example, when carbon steel pipe is welded to a higher alloy, such as 5-Cr, 1/2-Mo steel, some engineers require weld metal corresponding to the higher alloy and a post-weld heat treatment. Should not carbon steel weld metal be equally satisfactory A post-weld heat treatment might then be unnecessary. Such joints clearly have to be in a process zone where carbon steel is acceptable. 

Materials selection is as much an art as a rigorous science, and another computational approach to it, based on ideas of artificial intelligence, has been proposed by Arunachalam and Bhaskar (1999). They call their approach bounded rationality and exploit it to analyse the background to some notorious disasters based on material failure. We can always learn from failure as well as from success. 

Rodgers, David and W. T. Wipke. Artificial Intelligence in Organic Synthesis. SST Starting Material Selection Strategies. An Application of Superstructure Search, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 24, (1984), pp. 71-81. 

Every morning students should be given unmarked smelling strips of ten or more materials selected from those to which they have already been introduced. Those that a student fails to recognize should be discussed with the teacher and fellow students and notes made in the classification. At times the materials selected by the teacher should be as different in odor type as possible at other times they should be taken from the same olfactory group, such as the rose notes, woody materials, or chemically related materials such as the acetates. Once the basic materials have been learned and understood, it is easier to add new materials. In this way the intelligent student will even be able to name materials not previously encountered. For example, the student may identify phenylethyl phenylacetate from its characteristic rose note combined with the honey note typical of the phenylacetates. 

Conducting polymers have been demonstrated to be usable as dynamic, intelligent membrane systems. The unique electrochemical properties enable extern stimuli to be used to turn transport on and off, to tune the selectivity and the rate of transport. This technology is now being developed for numerous applications and as the basis of Intelligent Material Structures. 

Liu, Z.H., Pan, C.T., Chen, Y.C., 2013. ZnO/aluminum-based-self-powering system fabricated selectively direct-write ultravoilet-curable resin method. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 24, 133—146. 

Intelligent engineering can drastically improve process selectivity (see Sharma, 1988, 1990) as illustrated in Chapter 4 of this book. A combination of reaction with an appropriate separation operation is the first option if the reaction is limited by chemical equilibrium. In such combinations one product is removed from the reaction zone continuously, allowing for a higher conversion of raw materials. Extractive reactions involve the addition of a second liquid phase, in which the product is better soluble than the reactants, to the reaction zone. Thus, the product is withdrawn from the reactive phase shifting the reaction mixture to product(s). The same principle can be realized if an additive is introduced into the reaction zone that causes precipitation of the desired product. A combination of reaction with distillation in a single column allows the removal of volatile products from the reaction zone that is then realized in the (fractional) distillation zone. Finally, reaction can be combined with filtration. A typical example of the latter system is the application of catalytic membranes. In all these cases, withdrawal of the product shifts the equilibrium mixture to the product. 

When the development of a scientific field expands, the need for handbooks arises, wherein the information that appeared earlier in journals and conference proceedings is systematically and selectively presented. The sensor and actuator Held is now in this position. For this reason, Elsevier Science took the initiative to develop a series of handbooks with the name "Handbook of Sensors and Actuators" which will contain the most meaningful background material that is important for the sensor and actuator field. Titles like Fundamentals of Transducers, Thick Film Sensors, Magnetic Sensors, Micromachining, Piezoelectric Crystal Sensors, Robot Sensors and Intelligent Sensors will be part of this series. 

General. We have studied the characterization of multicomponent materials by combining modem analytical instrumentation with a commercially available AI expert system development tool. Information generated from selected analytical databases may be accessed using TIMM, ( The Intelligent Machine Model, ) available from General Research Corp., McLean, VA. This Fortran expert system shell has enabled development of EXMAT, a heuristically-1inked network of expert systems for materials analysis. 

This claim becomes intelligible if we consider more carefully the nature of the electrode material. It is necessary to choose a certain theory among the various ones which have been proposed—with more or less justification—on the electrical mechanism of reaction. I select that one which seems to me to have the best foundation. The fundamental idea of this theory has been derived from Tafel.2 Its general usefulness... 

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