Insulinomas

Glucagon also has been used to diagnose insulinoma and pheochromocytoma. For the former, the rise in plasma insulin concentration following... 

Usual dose schedules of streptozotocin involve 500 mg/m2 i.v. during five consecutive days. The major toxicity is renal tubular damage. Treatment of metastatic insulinomas may result in the release of insulin from the tumor and subsequent hypoglycemic coma. Less severe toxicities include diarrhea, anemia, and mild alterations in glucose tolerance or liver function tests. 

Obesity and hyperglycemia 2. 2-AG levels are elevated in mouse adipocytes and epididymal of mice with DIO. AEA and 2-AG levels are elevated in rat insulinoma p-cells, in pancreas of mice with DIO, and in obese women. Patients with obesity or hyperglycaemia caused by type 2 diabetes exhibit elevated levels of 2-AG or of both endocannabinoids in visceral fat or blood, respectively. AEA levels are elevated in the liver of DIO mice 2. CB1 antagonists... 

Plasma cell disorders Plasma cell disorders Inflammation-associated, familial Mediterranean fever Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, systemic senile amyloidosis Dialysis-associated amyloidosis Familial amyloidotic neuropathy, aortic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial systemic amyloidosis Familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Sporadic and familial Alzheimer s disease, familial cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Spongiform encephalopathies C-cell thyroid tumors Insulinoma, type II diabetes Atrial amyloidosis Prolactinomas pituitary amyloidosis Iatrogenic amyloidosis Corneal amyloidosis ... 

Yano et al.16 Tissues of insulinoma To establish an optimal Considerably... 

Step 1 Cytotoxicity. Each polymer was evaluated, at least twice, in blind experiments, according to their toxicity toward insulinoma cells. For many polymers alternative suppliers and molecular weights were also tested. In total 37 polyanions were obtained of which 23 were systematically evaluated. By comparison, 29 of the 36 polycations procured were systematically tested. The results of these experiments are provided in Table 4. 

From Table 4 it is evident that several natural and modified polyanions did not induce insulinoma cell detachment. Furthermore, the DNA content, a quantitative metric of cell viability, was in general near the baseline (100%) observed in the control studies with PBS. In generalboth the cell attachment and DNA indices gave similar indications of cytotoxicity. Therefore, in an effort to unify these measures the third column of Table 4 reports an overall ranking of the polymer... 

The poor response of the synthetic polymers in the cytotoxicity tests with insulinoma cells (Table 4) provides further support for the utilization of polyanions as the inner cell suspending fluids. Given the rigid nature of the moderate molecular weight anionic polysaccharides, it seems reasonable that low molecular weight polycations can be effective in membrane formation, due to their high diffusivity. This will be elaborated upon in the discussion. 

Synthetic polymers are generally cytotoxic to insulinoma cells. 

A 45-year-old male has an insulinoma. Which of the following agents is the treatment of choice ... 

Insml -8,5 kb R 2G2 0 Insulinoma associated 1, nucleic acid binding 3... 

The commonest cause of hypoglycaemia is administration of therapeutic doses of insulin or sulphonylureas in patients treated for diabetes. Nondiabetic people may also take or be given hypogly-caemic agents. Hypoglycaemia can occur spontaneously in insulinomas, hypoadrenalism, and other uncommon circumstances. 

Somatostatin has a very brief half-life in serum and is not useful clinically. An 8-amino acid analogue with 2 D-amino acids substituted for the naturally occurring L-amino acids is more stable, and monthly injections of a depot form of this analogue (octreotide, Sandostatin LAR) have several uses. Long-acting octreotide is used to treat acromegaly, as described earlier. It is also used to counteract unpleasant effects caused by overproduction of secreted bioactive substances produced by neuroendocrine tumors, including hyperinsulinemia from insulinomas and secretions from carcinoid tumors that cause severe diarrhea. Octreotide may also control severe diarrhea associated with AIDS that has not responded to other treatments. 

Unlabeled Uses Control of bleeding esophageal varices, treatment of AIDS-associated secretory diarrhea, chemotherapy-induced diarrhea, insulinomas, small-bowel fistulas, control of bleeding esophageal varices... 

Laychock, S. G., Modica, M. E., and Cavanaugh, C. T. (1991). L-arginine stimulates cyclic guanosine 3, 5 -monophosphate formation in rat islets of Langerhans and RlNm5F insulinoma cells Evidence for L-arginine Nitric oxide synthase. Endocrinology (Baltimore) 129, 3043-3052. 

Verspohl, E. J., Kuhn, M., and Ammon, H. P. T. (1988). RlNm5F (Rat insulinoma) cells possess receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and a functioning cGMP system Harm. Metab. Res. 20, 770-771. 

Diazoxide inhibits insulin release from the pancreas (probably by opening potassium channels in the beta cell membrane) and is used to treat hypoglycemia secondary to insulinoma. Occasionally, hyperglycemia complicates diazoxide use, particularly in persons with renal insufficiency. 

Oral (Proglycem) 50 mg capsule 50 mg/mL oral suspension (for insulinoma)... 

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