Insulin diabetes biomarker

Peptides from the insulin precursor are good examples for peptide biomarkers present in blood. Insulin itself is used as a therapeutic compound but, at the same time, it is also used as a biomarker to diagnose diabetes (Table 6.2). In addition, byproducts released during hormone processing are used as diagnostics. 

In cancer, host antibodies react with a unique group of autologous intracellular proteins known as tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Additionally, autoimmunity is consistently observed in a variety of well-known autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The detection of autoimmunity is useful because autoantibodies can serve as biomarkers for disease, and their presence may help to elucidate the role of significant disease-related biochemical pathways. 

Leinonen, J., Lehtimaki, T., Toyokuni, S., Okada, K., Tanaka, T., Hiai, H., Ochi, H., Laippala, P.Rantalaiho, V., Wirta, O., Pasternack, A., and Alho, H., New biomarker evidence of oxidative DNA damage in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, FEBS Lett., 417,150-152, 1997. 

Wong P, Weiner MG, Hwang WT, Yang YX. Insulin therapy and colorectal adenomas in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012 21(10) 1833-40. 

Example Let us look at one example of this process currently used in medicine the example that we will use is the control of diabetes in patients. For a number of reasons glucose and not insulin concentration is used to monitor this disease. The effect of a small amount of the hormone insulin can cause a big change in the concentration of glucose in the blood, which is easily monitored and provides an effective biomarker for monitoring control of this condition for both types of the diabetes (types I and II) (Chart 1). 

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