Insulin atypical

Free" insulin, "typical" insulin and "supressible" Insulin are probably identical with pancreatic Insulin but the nature of "bound" insulin, "atypical" insulin, TSIA, and NSILA Is unclear. Various forms of ILA have been extracted from serum and partially purifled. 8 3 The approximate molecular weights of the various forms have been reported as "bound" insulin 60,000-100,000, "atypical" insulin 30,000, and NSILA 80,000-160,000. These forms of ILA are similar with respect to electrophoretic mobility and behavior on anion and cation exchange resin.This has led to spect ilatlon that they might be related or. Indeed, identical. A8,54... 

Tremblay, R Lavigne, C. Jacques, H. Marette, A. Defective insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of high fat-fed rats is associated with alterations in both Akt/protein kinase B and atypical protein kinase C (z/1) activities. Diabetes, 50, 1901-1910 (2001)... 

The risk of infection from insulin injection sites is small, but infections can give problems in diagnosis and treatment, especially when they are atypical. 

Farese RV, Sajan MP, Standaert ML. 2005. Insulin-sensitive protein kinases (atypical protein kinase C and protein kinase B/Akt) actions and defects in obesity and type II diabetes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 230 593-605. 

Vestri, H., Maianu, L., Moellering, D., Garvey, W. (2007). Atypical antipsychotic drugs directly impair insulin action in adipocytes Effects on glucose transport, lipogenesis, and antilipolysis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 765-772. 

These observations suggest that insulin resistance might be responsible for the development of diabetes during treatment with atypical neuroleptic drugs, but it may not be the only factor, since the rapid development of diabetes in many of these patients suggests a direct and possibly toxic effect of neuroleptic drugs. 

Figure 25-14 Mechanism of insulin action. Binding of insulin to the extracellular a-subunit of the insulin receptor induces autophosphorylation of the -subunit of the receptor and phosphorylation of selected intracellular proteins, such as She and the IRS family,These latter phosphoproteins interact with other targets, thereby activating phosphorylation cascades, which result in glucose uptake (in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle), glucose metabolism, synthesis (of glycogen, iipid, and proteins), enhanced gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation, p, protein phosphorylation aPKC, atypical protein kinase C, See text for details.

Ogino S, Cohen ML, Abdul-Karim FW. Atypical teratoid/ rhabdoid tumor of the CNS cytopathology and immunohistochemistry of insulin-like growth factor-II, insulin-like growth factor receptor type 1, cathepsin D, and Ki-67. Mod Pathol. 1999 12 379-385. 

Newer potential markers of choroid plexus papillomas include insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) and synaptophysin. IGF-II is found in papillomas but not in normal choroid plexus.Synaptophysin is present in some normal choroid plexus, choroid plexus papilloma, and choroid plexus carcinoma but not in metastatic papillary carcinoma.Both markers may assist in the differential diagnoses of some tumors, but I find them most useful combined with traditional markers. CD44 is preferentially expressed on atypical papilloma and choroid plexus carcinoma and may be a marker of aggressive choroid plexus tumors. Aggressive tumors have higher mean MIBl Lis of These various... 

Most antihistamines possess anticholinergic properties that by themselves are of minor intensity but may increase considerably if given together with MAOIs. Interactions of MAOIs with antihypertensives (e.g., reserpine-type drugs) and oral antidiabetic drugs, as well as insulin and L-dopa, have all been encountered. It can be seen why MAO inhibitors are not viewed today as initial therapy except possibly in atypical depression. Certain panic and phobic reactions respond well. An important indication would be in case of therapeutic failures with the tricyclic or other heterocyclic antidepressants. 

PKC is a family of serine/threonine kinases with varying tissue-specific expression patterns and whose activity can affect a multitude of cellular functions. The family is divided into three subgroups conventional isozymes, novel isozymes, and atypical isozymes. The first two are activated by diacylglycerol. Diacylglycerol activation of PKC leads to serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, resulting in reduced insulin stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation as well as increased degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 [28]. There is evidence for direct phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 by PKC9, however,... 

D.B. Impaired expression and insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt-2 in muscle of obese patients with atypical diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287, E8-E15 (2004). 

A 6-year-old girl who had had type 1 diabetes for 18 months developed a noduie on her left arm. She regularly injected insulin aspart and insulin NPH into botii arms. After 4 months the lesion measured 1.5 x 1.0 cm and there was a lymph node in the left axilla. Biopsy showed atypical blasts. Bone marrow examination suggested a precursor B-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. 

Sarfstein R, Laron Z, Werner H. Long-acting insulin analogues elicit atypical signalling events mediated by the insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Diabetologia 2010 53(12) ... 

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