Instantly dosing

Thus, every fraction of a second in the open increases radiation dose and the likelihood of serious thermal burns. The instant an individual realizes that a nuclear explosion has occurred, he should place as much solid material between his position and the rising fireball. The solid material can be a concrete or brick wall, deep ditch, building (preferably not constructed of glass), or anything that can act as a shield against radiation and heat. 

It has been estimated that beverage consumption may provide the following amounts of caffeine per cup or average measure coffee, 30-150 mg (average 60-80 mg) instant coffee, 20-100 mg (average 40-60 mg) decaffeinated coffee, 2-4 mg tea, 10-100 mg (average 40 mg) cocoa, 2-50 mg (average 5 mg) cola drink, 25-60 mg. The maximal daily intake should not exceed about 1 g to avoid unpleasant side effects, e.g. headaches, restlessness. An acute lethal dose is about 5-10 g. 

Carcinogenic activity. Decoction of the seed, administered orally to adults, was inactive. There was no association between colorectal adenomas and consumption of extract . Roasted seed, administered to male rats at a dose of 6% of diet for 2 years, was inactive. Water extract of the roasted seed, administered to female rats at a dose of 6% of diet, was inactive. Regular and decaffeinated instant coffees were studied. Coffees with highest caffeine content showed lower tumor incidence k Hot water extract of the roasted seed, administered orally to 18 rats at a dose of 2% for 120 days... 

Embryotoxic effect. Hot water extract of the Folger s instant coffee, administered by gastric intubation to pregnant mice at a dose of 1.28 mg/animal, was inactive Hot water extract of the roasted seed, administered in drinking water of pregnant rats at variable doses daily for 30 weeks, was inactive . 

Approximate values assuming instant absorption of the total dose and a half-life of 1 day. 

Today, the uncertainties about the effects of chemical weapons are increased by the large number of chemicals that are available - some are synthetic, some occur naturally, some cause irritation and incapacitation, some are instantly lethal, whereas others are active towards plants and animals. Also although the actual toxicity of chemicals is important (that is the smaller the dose to produce a required effect the better) other factors such as ease of synthesis, storage stability, ease of dissemination and persistence also play a major role. The uncertainty about the effects is further increased by the fact that against some chemicals soldiers have good defence from protective clothing, detectors and alarms, and medical countermeasures. 

When a single dose of a drug is administered orally its plasma concentration increases to a maximum value (Cmax) at /inax before falling with time (Figure 8.9). The increase in plasma concentration occurs as the drug is absorbed. It is accompanied by elimination, which starts from the instant the drug is absorbed. The rate of elimination increases as the concentration of the drug in the plasma increases to the maximum absorbed dose. At this point, the rate of absorption is equal to the rate of elimination. Once absorption ceases, elimination becomes the dominant pharmacokinetic factor and plasma concentration falls. 

Figure 3. Dynamics of heating in the initiation zone of frozen samples, nonirradiated (solid line) and irradiated by y rays from 60Co, dose 27 kGy (dashed line), for the BC + Cl2 (3 1) reaction. The arrow indicates the instant of application of the initiating thermal pulse (4 = 5 J).

The absorption of freely soluble drugs having various values of k a was studied. Initially, the relationship between the simulated k a values and the corresponding conventional ka values, which are computed from the simulation assuming first-order absorption, was explored. An amount of instantly dissolved mass of q0 = 20, 000 was inserted in the input end of the tube and both profiles of the fraction of the mass that was absorbed and exited the tube were recorded. To find out the relationship between k a and ka, the following exponential equation was used to fit the simulated data of the fraction of dose absorbed Fa vs. time ... 

Figure 2.10 Two approaches for dynamic survival analysis. The fraction surviving (S) is shown for a range of concentrations (each line represents a different dose). Top the individual tolerance concept assumes that an organism dies instantly when its threshold is exceeded (the threshold is normally distributed in this example, yielding an s-shaped relation between internal concentration and fraction dead, M). Bottom the stochastic approach assumes that the internal concentration increases the probability to die (here with a threshold, and a linear relation between body residue and hazard rate, h).

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