Inorganic-organic composite synthesis

P.J. Zapf, R.C. Haushalter, and J. Zubieta. Crystal engineering of inorganic/organic composite solids the structure-directing role of aromatic ammonium cations in the synthesis of the step -layered molybdenum oxide phase [4,4 -H2bpy][Mo7022] H20, Chem. Commun., 321 (1997)... 

Another approach was the synthesis of inorganic/organic composite materials to influence the properties of the membrane. An overview on the state of the art of composite perflourinated membranes is given in [15]. Infiltration of a polymer carrier material with various inorganic proton conductors is subject of a patent [16]. For operation at elevated temperature, several materials have been considered, hi an early work, Nafion /Fl3P04 showed better conductivity at temperatures above 100°C compared with blank Nation and also reduced methanol permeabihty [17]. New types of polymers are also under development for better temperature stabihty one of the most advanced examples is the high-temperature material polybenzimidazole, which usually is doped with phosphoric acid [18]. 

The proposed mechanisms of synthesis are discussed in more detail in Chapter 5 at this stage the structures of the as-prepared inorganic-organic composites are simply considered as surfactant micelle arrays interpenetrated by amorphous and incompletely condensed silica walls, in which silicon has local coordination Si(OSi)4 n(OH)n, where n is mainly 0 (Q" ), 1 (Q ) or 2 (Q ). 

Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G., Ana, I.D. and Jansen, J.A. 2010. Sodium citrate as an effective dispersant for the synthesis of inorganic-organic composites with a nanodispersed mineral phase, (3) 836-844. 

Previously, dendrimers were used as organic matrices for the synthesis of a variety of inorganic nanomaterials and inorganic-organic composites [36, 159]. Dendrimers with different generations have been discovered as active additives for the controlled crystallization of CaCOs [159,160]. It has been demonstrated that anionic starburst dendrimers can stabilize spherical va-terite particles for up to a week with controllable particle size in the range of 2.3-5.5nm in dependence on the dendrimer generation number [161]. In addition, the combination of poly(propylene imine) dendrimers with oc-... 

Removal of surfactant from the inorganic-organic composite materials after synthesis is generally conducted via calcination in an air flow at high temperatures. However, this procedure often leads to film distortion or even crack formation... 

Estroff, L.A. and Hamilton, A.D. (2001) At the interface of organic and inorganic chemistry Bioinspired synthesis of composite materials. Chemistry of Materials, 13, 3227— 3235. 

L.A. Estroff, A.D. Hamilton, At the Interface of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Bioinspired Synthesis of Composite Materials , Chem. Mater., 13, 3227 (2001)... 

In this chapter we have tried to show how a rational addition of nentral additives or ligands complexing with either the inorganic or organic reactants, respectively, can be used to control the mesoscopic phase behavior of inorganic-snrfactant composites. The focns has been on siliceous materials, but the approach is applicable also to the synthesis of nonsiliceous materials. The discnssion has been merely qnalitative in natnre, dne to the partial lack of accurate experimental... 

Furthermore, exploitation of fundamental coordination chemistry for solid state synthesis affords a variety of metal ions with preferred coordination geometries and numerous ligand architectures for the construction of metal-organic composite materials. Such hybrid inorganic-organic materials exhibit useful physical properties with applications to optics," magnetism," transport," thermochromism," and conductance. ... 

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