Inorganic Crystals Other Than Oxides

In the Landolt-Bdmstein data collection, ferroelectric and antiferroelectric substances are classified into 72 families according to their chemical composition and their crystallographic structure. Some substances which are in fact neither ferroelectric nor antiferroelectric but which are important in relation to ferroelectricity or anti-ferroelectricity, for instance as an end material of a solid solution, are also included in these families as related substances. This subsection surveys these 72 families of ferroelectrics presented in Landolt-Bornstein Vol. III/36 (LB III/36). Nineteen of these families concern oxides [5.1,2], 30 of them concern inorganic crystals other than oxides [5.3], and 23 of them concern organic crystals, liquid crystals, and polymers [5.4]. Table 4.5-1 lists these families and gives some information about each family. Substances classified in LB 111/36 as miscellaneous crystals (outside the families) are not included. 

Family Nr. Inorganic Crystals Oxides [5.1,2] Name Family Nr. Inorganic Crystals other than Oxides [5.3] Name Org Family Nr. snic Crystals, Liquid Crystals, and Polymers [5.4] Name... 

Y. Shiozaki, E. Nakamura, T. Mitsui (Eds.) Ferro-eiectrics and Related Substances Inorganic Crystals 5.9 Other Than Oxides, Landolt-Bbrnstein, New Series 111/36 (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2004)... 

Elemental composition, ionic charge, and oxidation state are the dominant considerations in inorganic nomenclature. Coimectivity, ie, which atoms are linked by bonds to which other atoms, has not generally been considered to be important, and indeed, in some types of compounds, such as cluster compounds, it caimot be appHed unambiguously. However, when it is necessary to indicate coimectivity, itaUcized symbols for the connected atoms are used, as in trioxodinitrate(A/,A/), O2N—NO . The nomenclature that has been presented appHes to isolated molecules (or ions). Eor substances in the soHd state, which may have more than one crystal stmcture, with individual connectivities, two devices are used. The name of a mineral that exemplifies a particular crystal stmcture, eg, mtile or perovskite, may be appended. Alternatively, the crystal stmcture symmetry, eg, rhombic or triclinic, may be cited, or the stmcture may be stated in a phrase, eg, face-centered cubic. 

The crystal of [(Ph,P)2N]2[RUjC(CO),J (1) was reacted in purified THF in argon atmosphere with titania. The support material was fixed to TiO because the cluster on TiO exhibited higher activity for the SOj reduction than the cases supported on other inorganic oxides. As a reference, a conventional Ru catalyst was impregnated with aqueous RuCI/SH O solution. Ru content was 1.5 wt% in both cases. These catalysts are denoted as [Ru C]/TiOj and conv-Ru/TiO, respectively. 

Various standardized analyses have been developed to determine the chemical composition of coals. Among them are the proximate analyses, which quantify the volatile and non-volatile components, and the ultimate analyses, which determine the elemental composition. These, and examples of other types of analyses, are listed in Table 4.5. Data are often recorded on a dry and ash-free (daf) basis, because of the variable amount of unbound water (particularly in brown coals) and inorganic minerals that may be present. A mineral-matter-free (mmf) rather than simple ash-free basis is often used for elemental composition in order to take account of the oxides, sulphides etc., and also the water of crystallization in inorganic minerals, when calculating the composition of the organic matter. 

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