Inorganic anions, reactions with

This method exemplifies a broad class of processes that proceed via transfer of reacting species between two liquid phases. Such processes may require a catalyst that can combine with species present in one phase and effect their transfer in this form to the second phase where the main reaction occurs. Starks23 has termed such a process phase-transfer catalysis and has demonstrated its utility in reactions involving inorganic anions. For example, he has shown that the rates... 

Abstract Inorganic polysulfide anions and the related radical anions S play an important role in the redox reactions of elemental sulfur and therefore also in the geobio chemical sulfur cycle. This chapter describes the preparation of the solid polysulfides with up to eight sulfur atoms and univalent cations, as well as their solid state structures, vibrational spectra and their behavior in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. In addition, the highly colored and reactive radical anions S with n = 2, 3, and 6 are discussed, some of which exist in equilibrium with the corresponding diamagnetic dianions. 

Americium will occur in soil in the trivalent state. The transformations that may occur would involve complexation with inorganic and organic ligands (see Section 6.3.1) and precipitation reactions with anions and other substances present in the soil solution. The 241 Am occurring as an ingrowth progeny of 241Pu and trapped in a plutonium matrix will exhibit solubility and biokinetic characteristics of the plutonium, rather than americium. 

A mechanism proposed 87) for the alkaline hydrolysis of tetraethyl pyrophosphate, which is markedly accelerated by HPO e ions, has been substantiated by isotopic labeling 88). The nucleophilic attack by HPOJp on the symmetrical pyrophosphate 131 is considered to lead initially to the unsymmetrical P P1-diethyl pyrophosphate dianion 132 which decomposes spontaneously under the conditions of reaction to give the diethyl phosphate anion and POf 102. The latter reacts with water to form inorganic phosphate and with alcohols suclj as methanol and ethylene glycol to produce alkyl phosphates. 

Ar-Acyl oxy- A -a 1 k oxyamides have been found to undergo SN2 reactions with a number of organic and inorganic nucleophiles including anilines, thiols, hydroxide and azide anions. Reaction products from all of these processes are themselves reactive anomeric amides and outcomes have uncovered novel chemistry of this unusual class of compounds. 

Table 4.15 gives the equilibrium constants (for extraction, amine) for this reaction with trioctylamine in various solvents. Although the ion pairs are only slightly soluble in water, they can exchange the anion L with other anions, X, in the aqueous phase. (Note that we use L to indicate any anion, while X is used for (an alternative) inorganic anion.)... 

The reactions of 8O3 anion-radicals with organic and inorganic compounds have commanded considerable interest because of the role of these anion-radicals in grievous health and technological... 

The hydroxyl radical is a powerful oxidant, having a reduction potential of 2.7 V in acidic solution. In neutral solution, where the free energy of neutralization of OH by H3O is not available, the reduction potential decreases to 1.9 V (Table 2). Several inorganic anions and low-valency transition metal ions readily undergo one-electron oxidation by reaction with OH, which is often represented as a simple electron transfer ... 

O is generally less reactive than OH with inorganic anions, and the rate is immeasurably slow with Br , CO3 , and Fe(CN)g, although these ions all react rapidly with OH. This difference in reactivity was used to establish the pAig of OH as 11.9 (Table 2). 0 reacts rapidly with O2 as in reaction (49), whereas OH is unreactive ... 

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