Injectivity index

Increases in permeability caused by limestone dissolution approximately doubled the injection index (the amount of waste that can be injected at a specified pressure). As of 1974, the effects of the pressure created by the injection were calculated to extend more than 40 miles radially from the injection site.167 An updip movement of the freshwater/saltwater interface in the injection-zone aquifer, which lies less than 32 km (20 miles) from the injection wells, was also observed. 

Well A.. This oil producer was to be converted into a water injector. Though its production period had been relatively smooth, with no sign of production damage build-up, the operator wanted to be sure to obtain a maximum injectivity index before initiating water injection. The well data and acid job main parameters are summarized in Table I. 

In the northern Lamadian field, high molecular weight polymer was used in the northern block before the main slug, but not in the eastern block. The injection pressure in the northern block increased by 7.5 MPa compared with 6.1 MPa in the eastern block at 0.44 PV injection the injectivity index decreased... 

Several checks have been performed to test the model s validity. First, die model was run with initial water saturation of 100 percent to check its calculation of injectivity index. Muskat gives die five-spot formula. 

Long-term Injectivity Assessment. A eommon concern in the pilot test arrd projects is the long term injectivity of the EOR flrrid. Therefore, the best practice is to eorrtinnously morritor pressure and injection rates to determine the injectivity index changes. 

Kovat s retention index (p. 575) liquid-solid adsorption chromatography (p. 590) longitudinal diffusion (p. 560) loop injector (p. 584) mass spectrum (p. 571) mass transfer (p. 561) micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (p. 606) micelle (p. 606) mobile phase (p. 546) normal-phase chromatography (p. 580) on-column injection (p. 568) open tubular column (p. 564) packed column (p. 564) peak capacity (p. 554)... 

Techniques for evaluating processing stabiHty and mechanochemical effects include using a Brabender torque rheometer (29,30), injection mol ding (26,28), capillary rheometry (26,28), and measuring melt index as a function of residence time (26). 

Modification of BPA-PC for adaptation to the conditions of production of CD and CD-ROM disks, and of substrate disks for WORM and EOD was necessary. BPA-PC standard quaHties for extmsion and injection mol ding have, depending on molecular weight, melt flow indexes (MEI), (according to ISO 1130/ASTM 1238 in g/10 min at 300°C/1.2 kg, between less than 3 g/10 min (viscous types) up to 17 g/10 min. For CDs and optical data storage disks, however, MEI values exceeding 30 g/10 min, and for exceptionally short cycle times (5—7 s) even >60 g/lOmin are demanded at an injection mass temperature of 300°C (see Table 5). 

When the voltage force and source of water are removed, most of the injected water diffuses away and evaporates, and the tree disappears. This disappearance indicates that channels or paths close up, because if they did not, their appearance would be enhanced rather than diminished when the water is replaced by air which has a greater refractive index difference with respect to polyethylene. 

Most PET botties are produced by injection blow mol ding (71) the resin over a steel-core rod. The neck of the bottie is formed with the proper shape to receive closures and resin is provided around the temperature-conditioned rod for the blowing step. The rod with the resin is indexed to the mold, and the resin is blown away from the rod against the mold walls, where it cools to form the transparent bottie. The finished bottie is ejected and the rod is moved again to the injection-molding station. This process is favored for single cylindrical botties, but cannot be used for more complex shapes such as botties with handles. 

The flow process in an injection mould is complicated by the fact that the mould cavity walls are below the freezing point of the polymer melt. In these circumstances the technologist is generally more concerned with the ability to fill the cavity rather than with the magnitude of the melt viscosity. In one analysis made of the injection moulding situation, Barrie showed that it was possible to calculate a mouldability index (p.) for a melt which was a function of the flow parameters K and the thermal diffusivity and the relevant processing temperatures (melt temperature and mould temperature) but which was independent of the geometry of the cavity and the flow pattern within the cavity. 

Some typical data for this mouldability index are given in Figure 8.8. One limitation of these data is that they do not explicitly show whether or not a mould will fill in an injection moulding operation. This will clearly depend on the thickness of the moulding, the flow distances required and operational parameters such as melt and mould temperatures. One very crude estimate that is widely used is the flow path ratio, the ratio of flow distance to section thickness. The assumption is that if this is greater than the ratio (distance from gate to furthest point from gate)/section thickness, then the mould will fill. Whilst... 

A polymer melt is injected into a circular section channel under constant pressure. What is the ratio of the maximum non-isothermal flow length to the isothermal flow length in the same time for (a) a Newtonian melt and (b) a power law melt with index, n = 0.3. 

Teflon AF can be extruded and injection or compression molded It can be formed by spm casting or applied from solution by spray coatmg or direct apphea-tion [5] Its extremely low refractive index and its solubihty make it highly useful as a coating for the core of optical fibers... 

Figure 14.17 Schematic diagram of the on-line coupled LC-GC system VI, valve foi switcliing the LC column outlet to the GC injector V2, valve for switching the LC column to back-flush mode V3, LC injection valve RI, refractive index monitor detector UV, ulti avio-let monitor detector FID, flame-ionization detector.

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