Influences European Union

Increasingly, guidelines resulting from political decision process of the European Union influence national markets and global competition. In order to have an influence on behalf of the interests of the plastics industry, the Association of Plastics Producing Industries, (VKE), is reported to wish to intensify its communication with European political institutions. The VKE sees the discussion about the EU book on the environmental problems relating to PVC as particularly controversial, and does not consider that it takes important points of view sufficiently into account. The treatment of the PVC theme, is examined as an example of so-called europisation of the work of associations. (Article translated from Kunststoffe 91 (2001) 4, pp.26-27). 

Antioxidants should be labelled on the retail package with the specific chemical name or with the EC number. The legislation of member states of the EU is influenced by the decision taken within the EC. Some food standards are fully based on EC Directives and some are still based on national considerations. There may be differences between European states, for instance, the utilisation of ascorbic acid as antioxidant for egg products is permitted in France but prohibited in Germany. These differences concern usually the utilisation of antioxidants in various food commodities. The specification of antioxidants mentioned in EC Directives are respected by all member states. But it is still generally required that individual countries of the European Union as well as the central organisation should be approached. The requirements appearing in the EC Directives on additives must be applied by the member states. This means in the first place that for those categories of additives for which a Community positive list exists, member states may not authorise any additives which do not appear on the positive list. 

An extensive overview of the incentives and barriers to substitution prepared for the European Union concluded that well-designed regulatory signals are needed because market forces alone often fail to provide a competitive advantage for the safer product. This is a particular problem where the markets are "too far away" from consumer awareness to be influenced by the potential demands of consumers. ... 

To conclude, research, applications and expectations with regard to emulsions are permanently evolving. Changes in the macro-economic context along with various political decisions (e.g., sustainable development. Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals (REACH) directive for the European Union) are factors which influence the conditions in which emulsion-based products are fabricated and used. It is probable that these changes will motivate technological developments and new advances in emulsion science. 

Above 101 per year, relevant to some 10,000 substances in the European Union, a more detailed analysis should be considered to see if restrictions on total global production might be warranted for the case of very sensitive endpoints, such as cancer or influence on the central nervous system. 

Raiswell R. (1993) Iron mineralogy influence on degree of pyritization. 17th Meeting of the European Union of Geosciences Abstract Supplement, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 691-692. 

This part of Chapter 9 sets out a more detailed perspective of how legislation concerning chemicals is implemented in the UK, and it considers how developments have been influenced by traditions. In the context of this chapter, it is not the intention to provide a complete and comprehensive review but rather, by selective illustration, to show how the typical British approach based on informality and regulatory discretion has moved to the more formal and centralised control necessary within the European Union (EU). Where appropriate, reference to other international law is made to indicate where different approaches influence enforcement procedures. 

The diversity of approaches in applying bioassays for wastewater evaluation in the national, supranational and international regulations, aimed especially to meet the requirements of the European Union, will influence national water law in the future and the general approach in Germany will be discussed within the scope of international harmonisation. 

As a result, the formal coordination within the European Union beyond the EU ETS Directive did not essentially influence the structure and the concrete rules of the German NAP. At the same time, the discussions in the other Member States played a role that should not be underestimated. Above all, information on the continuing discussions concerning the NAPs of the United Kingdom and the Netherlands was substantially important at a certain point. However, in spite of the very intensive debates at the various levels, the central points of the discussion in other states, like the allocation and the consideration of competition-related questions in the United Kingdom or the allocation on the basis of benchmarks in the Netherlands, did not find their way into the German NAP. Nevertheless, within the political debate focused on the individual rules of the NAP, different stakeholders always stressed examples from the discussions taking place in the other Member States. Policy by rumours constituted a facet of the... 

The European Union is heavily dependent on imported oil. As the North Sea resources dwindle, Norway and England are likely to become dependent shortly after 2000 and the Soviet Union a decade or two later. Virtually all other advanced nations survive only through the purchase of oil from the few small nations with large excess. Look back at Table 2.1 in Chapter 2, world oil production is predicted to peak in the next decade. After the peak, without actions to replace fossil fuels, world affairs will be increasingly dominated by nations with the remaining oil. These nations will have a large anomalous influence because they control more than 60% of the known petroleum reserves. 

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