Influence of Processing and Application

Schieberle, P., Heller, C. Influence of processing and storage on the formation of the metallic smelling (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienol in buttermilk. In Flavour perception — Aroma evaluation (Eds. H.P. Kruse, M. Rothe), Universitat Potsdam, 1997, pp. 213 Setfii, E., Buys, E.M., Donkin, E.F. Significance of the lactoperoxidase system in the dairy industry tuid its potential applications a review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 16, 137 (2005)... 

The flow of compressible and non-compressible liquids, gases, vapors, suspensions, slurries and many other fluid systems has received sufficient study to allow definite evaluation of conditions for a variety of process situations for Newtonian fluids. For the non-Newtonian fluids, considerable data is available. However, its correlation is not as broad in application, due to the significant influence of physical and rheological properties. This presentation is limited to Newtonian systems, except where noted. 

In the design of an industrial scale reactor for a new process, or an old one that employs a new catalyst, it is common practice to carry out both bench and pilot plant studies before finalizing the design of the commercial scale reactor. The bench scale studies yield the best information about the intrinsic chemical kinetics and the associated rate expression. However, when taken alone, they force the chemical engineer to rely on standard empirical correlations and prediction methods in order to determine the possible influence of heat and mass transfer processes on the rates that will be observed in industrial scale equipment. The pilot scale studies can provide a test of the applicability of the correlations and an indication of potential limitations that physical processes may place on conversion rates. These pilot plant studies can provide extremely useful information on the temperature distribution in the reactor and on contacting patterns when... 

The favorable working conditions of the thin-film evaporator enabled the equally successful application of the thin-film principle for fractionation (5), absorption, chemical reactions (6), and drying (7, 8). In these processes and applications, the thin-film apparatus is used mainly to treat heat sensitive and lower-viscosity products that flow on the influence of gravity alone. This particular type of apparatus in a special design can also be used to process highly viscous products to... 

Although only a limited amount of experimental data is available which describes the interaction between the polyion and the counterions for PDADMAC compounds, the influence of macromolecular and structural parameters on the counterion activity and the electrolytic conductivity in semidiluted, and particularly in highly diluted aqueous solutions, can be clearly shown. All these findings are not only of scientific interest but also of practical relevance. Since for many technical applications PDADMAC concentrations in the ppm range are usual, this basic knowledge of the molecular and medium influences gives more insight into the action mechanism of these polyelectrolytes and may assist in the optimization of several applied processes. 

The economy of melt crystallization processes depends on the product purity, which is normally increased by an additional cleaning step. The application of gases under pressure is investigated to show possibilities of product quality improvement. Experimental devices for the determination of the freezing curve under gas pressure and for a solid layer crystallization process are shown. The influence of gas and pressure in respect to the freezing curve are explained on the basis of two binary mixtures (trioxane/water and para-/meta-dichlorobenzene) under CO2- and N2- pressure are presented. Furthermore the results of solid layer crystallization experiments with naphthalene/biphenyl and para-/meta-dichlorobenzene mixtures are shown. 

Optimization of the cure cycle is inextricably linked to the design of processes for specific applications. Typically, this involves a clear understanding of the influence of temperature and time used to cure the thermosets. This is key to predicting resin flow and the degree of cure. Consequently, much attention has been placed on the curing process/morphology/ structure relationship of thermosets. " ... 

The chapter contains the results of theoretical and experimental investigations of control of the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) processes in hydrocarbon-air gaseous mixtures relative to propulsion applications. The influence of geometrical characteristics of the ignition chambers and flow turbulization on the onset of detonation and the influence of temperature and fuel concentration in the unburned mixture are discussed. 

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