Influence of Process Parameters

For premix membrane emulsification, the factors influencing the emulsification results are the transmembrane pressure, repeated processing and the pore size of the membrane. Furthermore the composition of the emulsion, like disperse and continuous phase viscosity, emulsifier and emulsifier concentration have also an influence on the emulsification results [28-31]. 

Influence of Transmembrane Pressure Difference In principle, the higher the pressure difference, the smaller emulsion droplet sizes are obtained. However, the transmembrane pressure difference has only a minor influence on the emulsification results. 

For this system, irrespectively of the transmembrane pressured difference applied, the fine emulsion still has some big droplets after one pass through the membrane. Narrower droplet size distribution can be obtained by repeating the process. 

Influence of Membrane Pore Size The smaller the mean pore size of the membrane, the smaller is the droplet size of the fine emulsion and the bigger is 

After three passes through the membranes with pore sizes of 0.2 pm, 0.45 pm and 0.8 pm, Sauter diameters of, respectively, 0.9 pm, 1.0 pm and 1.2 pm could be obtained. The ratios between droplet size and membrane pore size, x/dp, were 4.5, 2.2 and 1.5, respectively. The smaller the pore size of the membrane, the bigger the capillary pressure (Equation 13.2) that has to be overcome to produce emulsions and consequently the bigger the ratio x/dp [32]. 

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E Allemann, R Gurny, E Doelker. Preparation of aqueous polymeric nanodispersions by a reversible salting-out process, influence of process parameters on particle size. Int J Pharm 87 247-253, 1992. 

Crystallization remains the primary means of controlling the polymorphic or solva-tomorphic state of a compound, and various groups have examined the influences of processing parameters on the identity and quality of the isolated form. Seeding was used to reduce the size of the metastable zone of eflucimibe, and thereby control the identity of the desired polymorphic identity of the product through a reduction in concomitant crystallization [16], Process improvements have been developed that were found to improve the filterability and enhance the bulk density of ranitidine Form-1 [17], while the variation of process parameters used in an oscillatory baffled crystallizer enabled better selection to be made between the metastable a- and /i-forms of (z.)-glutamic acid [18]. 

Z. Stavreva, D. Zeidler, M. Plotner, and K. Drescher, Influence of process parameters on chemical-mechanical polishing of copper, Microelectr. Eng., 37-38, pp. 143-149, 1997. 

Initial process development A preliminary study was established to examine the potential influence of processing parameters on some critical performance attributes of the final product, especially those associated with ultimate drug release rate, and the reproducibility of same. 

Many parameters affect the mass transfer between two phases. As we discussed above, the concentration gradient between the two phases is the driving force for the transfer and this, together with the over-all mass transfer coefficient, determines the mass transfer rate. The influence of process parameters (e. g. flow rates, energy input) and physical parameters (e. g. density, viscosity, surface tension) as well as reactor geometry are summed up in the mass transfer coefficient. The important parameters for Kta in stirred tank reactors are ... 

Carrey J., Radousky H.B., Berkowitz A.E. (2004) Spark eroded particles influence of processing parameters, J. Appl. Phys. 95, 823-829. 

Heinzelmann, K., Franke, K., Velasco, J., and Marquez-Ruiz, G. (2000). Micro-encapsulation of fish oil by freeze-drying techniques and influence of process parameters on oxidative stability during storage. Fur. Food Res. Technol. 211,234 239. 

The mixed-crystal system formed by indomethacin and saccharin (l,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-l,1-dioxide) has been used to evaluate the feasibility of using supercritical fluids as media for the design and preparation of new cocrystals [44]. In this work, the relative merits of supercritical fluid processes (i.e., cocrystallization with a supercritical solvent, supercritical fluid as anti-solvent, and the atomization and anti-solvent technique) were evaluated, as well as the influence of processing parameters on product formation and particle properties of the yields. It was reported that while the anti-solvent and atomization procedures yielded pure cocrystal products, only partial to no cocrystal formation took place when using the crystallization process. 

Influence of Process Parameters on Membrane Separation of Beer.560... 

Influence of Process Parameters on Energy Consumption Per Unit of Permeate... 

Lorck, C.A. Grunenberg, P.C. lunger, H. Laicher, A. Influence of process parameters on sustained-release theophylline pellets coated with aqueous polymer dispersions and organic solvent-based polymer solutions. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1997, 43, 149-157. 

Bock, T.K. Lucks, J.-S. Kleinbudde, P. Muller, R.H. Muller, B.W. High pressure homogenization of parenteral fat emulsions—influence of process parameters on emulsion quality. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 1994, 40 (3), 157-160. 

Hoffman, M. Maincent, P. Influences of process parameters on nanoparticle preparation performed by a double emulsion pressure homogenization technique. Int. J. Pharm. 26. 2000, 196, 177-182. 

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to find pyrolysis conditions for diromium-copper- arsenate (CCA) treated wood in ordw to maxiniize the retention of arsenic in wood charcoal along with a high oil yield. An experimental dlhy was built to examine the influence of process parameters such as pyrolysis temperature and total pyrolysis time. Milled powder was prepared from CCA treated wood. The powder was pyrolized on top of the fluidized bed at temperatures between 300 to 500 C and during total pyrolysis times of 80 to 3600 s. 

Defoort B., Lopitaux G., Dupillier J.M., Larnac G., Coqueret X., Electron-beam initiated polymerization of acrylate compositions, 6 Influence of processing parameters on the curing kinetics of an epoxy acrylate blend, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 2001,202,3149-3156. 

Research on carbon black continues and the most important topic remain its structure, the effect of functional groups on carbon black properties, the effect of the measured parameters of carbon black on its performance in various systems, and the influence of processing parameters on the product. These and other influences are discussed throughout the book. 

Magnan C, Badens E, Commenges N, Charbit G. Soy lecithin micronization by precipitation with a compressed fluid antisolvent—influence of process parameters. J Supercrit Fluids 2000 19 69-77. 

Ruchatz F, Kleinebudde P, Muller BW. Residual solvents in biodegradable microparticles. Influence of process parameters on the residual solvent in microparticles produced by the aerosol solvent extraction system (ASES) process. J Pharm Sci 1997 86 101-105. 

The influence of processing parameters like content and type of binders, axial and isostatic pressure were investigated for the fabrication of zirconia ingots and TZM/PSZ FGMs and could be transferred to alumina [5,6]. Ingots were compacted by an axial pressure of 40 MPa and an isostatic pressure of 200 MPa. Taking into account the results from the vaporizing experiments, a ratio of 65% coarse powder and 35% fine powders was found to be suitable. 

Aronsson, K., Lindgren, M., Johansson, B.R., and Ronner, U. 2001. Inactivation of microorganisms using pulsed electric fields The influence of process parameters on Escherichia coli, Listeria innocua, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 2 41 5. 

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