Influence of Ambient Conditions

Internal pressure creep behavior in PE-MD as a function of ambient conditions (internal and external medium) at 95 °C [ 191] 

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The factors affecting the gas turbine thermal efficiency and specific output (specific output = output per kg/s of gas flowing through the engine) can be divided into two groups— thermodjuiamic factors and the influence of ambient conditions. 

Weber s theory has been further extended by many investi-gators[391 [4ill204 [22°][22-7] t0 account for high-velocity jet breakup and droplet formation under the influence of ambient air. Various mechanisms of jet breakupl40H41Pio][220][227][232] have been pro posed and divided into breakup regimes to reflect the differences in the appearance of jets and to identify the dominant forces leading to jet breakup as operation conditions are changed. 

The difference between the actual temperature of a sample and the temperature indicated on TG recording paper is highly dependent on the geometrical relationship of the sample, furnace, and temperature sensor. If the sensor is not directly attached to the sample holder, the temperature indicated may be profoundly influenced by ambient conditions and heating rate in such instances, a temperature calibration is usually required. 

Since the influence of ambient air humidity is very significant, we extended this study. Two tests were carried out on boards that were first fully conditioned in a chamber at 23°C and 55% RH First, short term variations were studied over a period of 1 week, and, second, continuous measurements were taken during sudden moisture uptakes. The results are as follows ... 

Normally, a kind of intermediate may be observed here, too, which can be considered as an sp hybridized core with an sp -hybridized shell (Figure 4.41). Altogether, it is obvious that a delicate equilibrium exists between nanodiamond and carbon onions, which is easily influenced by the choice of ambient conditions. 

In all the above mentioned experiments, hydrostatic (i.e. isotropic) pressure was applied to materials. In high-pressure experiments, this is usually assumed to be the case, but it is true only when the stress environment is purely hydrostatic. In other cases the stress state of the sample should be described by stress tensors, which are very difficult to determine. The mean pressure could be some average of the normal stress components over the sample, but one cannot neglect the effects of shear stress, differential stress, and stress inhomogeneity on many physical properties [191]. Influence of different conditions of compression on has been studied in detail on the bcc to rhombohedral phase transition in vanadium. Under a non-hydrostatic compression the phase transition occurred at 30 GPa at ambient temperature and at 37 GPa at 425 K. Under quasi-hydrostatic compression in the Ar pressure medium, Ptr increased to 53 GPa. When Ne was used as the medium, Ptr increased to 61.5 GPa, still short of the ideal value of 65 GPa [192]. 

Schneider, M., Winkler, S. and Bruckner, A. (2008). The Influence of Calcination Conditions on Phase Formation in Movtenbox Catalysts A Simultaneous In Situ XRD/Raman Study, SNBL Workshop on Simultaneous Raman-X-Ray Diffraction/Absorption Studies for the In Situ Investigations of Solid State Transformations and Reactions at Non Ambient Conditions, ESRF Grenoble, 18-19 June 2008. 

Stadler, D., Rossi, M.J. The reactivity of NO2 and HONO on flame soot at ambient temperature the influence of combustion conditions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2, 5420-5429 (2000)... 

The thermal conductivity of a cellular polymer can change upon aging under ambient conditions if the gas composition is influenced by such aging. Such a case is evidenced when oxygen or nitrogen diffuses into polyurethane foams that initially have only a fluorocarbon blowing agent in the cells (32,130,143,190,191,198-201). 

Ambient temperature, altitude and atmospheric conditions at the place of installation of electrical equipment are considered to be the service conditions for the equipment to operate and perform its duties. All electrical equipment is designed for specific service conditions and variations may influence its performance. Below we analyse the influence of such non-standard service conditions on the performance of equipment and the required safeguards to achieve its required performance. 

Different characteristics of solvents seriously affect the sol-gel reaction in solution. This in turn influences the physico-mechanical properties of the resultant rubber-silica hybrid composites. Bandyopadhyay et al. [34,35] have carried out extensive research on stmcture-property correlation in sol-gel-derived rubber-sihca hybrid nanocomposites in different solvents with both chemically interactive (ENR) and noninteractive (ACM) mbber matrices. Figure 3.12 demonstrates the morphology of representative ACM-sihca and ENR-sihca hybrid composites prepared from various solvents. In all the instances, the concentration of TEOS (45 wt%), TEOS/H2O mole ratio (1 2), pH (1.5), and the gelling temperature (ambient condition) were kept unchanged. 

A third reason is due to the influence of external factors, which often play a more important role than the factors that characterise the chemical nature of the reaction. All reactions can be regarded as dangerous (or not dangerous) at this stage. This means that most of the time it is the ambient conditions that make chemical reactions uncontrollable. 

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