Prostaglandin Inflammation

Calder, P. C. (2006). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Patty Adds 75,197-202. 

Fluocinolone is a low- to medium-potency topical corticosteroid with antiinflammatory, antipruritic, and vasoconstrictive properties, thought to act by induction of phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins (lipocortins). Lipo-cortins appear to control biosynthesis of potent mediators of inflammation (prostaglandins, leukotrienes) by inhibiting... 

Di Marzo, V., Melck, D., De Petrocellis, L, and Bisogno, T. (2000) Cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives in cancer and inflammation. Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators 61 43-61. 

D. Brenn, F. Richter, H. Schaible, Sensitization of unmyelinated sensory fibers o the joint nerve to mechanical stimuli by interleukin-6 in the rat An inflammator mechanism of joint pain. Arthritis Rheum., 56 (1), 351-359,2007. http //dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.22282. K.J. Bar, et al. Changes in the effect of spinal prostaglandin E2 during inflammation Prostaglandin E (EP1-EP4) receptors in spinal nociceptive processing of input from the normal or inflamed knee joint, J. Neuroscl, 24 (3), 642-651, 2004. http //dx.doi.org/ 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0882-03.2004. 

Covalent bond (Section 1 3) Chemical bond between two atoms that results from their shanng of two electrons COX 2 (Section 26 6) Cyclooxygenase 2 an enzyme that cat alyzes the biosynthesis of prostaglandins COX 2 inhibitors reduce pain and inflammation by blocking the activity of this enzyme... 

There are two isoforms of COX in animals COX-1 (figure a), which carries out normal, physiological production of prostaglandins, and COX-2 (figure b), which is induced by cytokines, mitogens, and endotoxins in inflammatory cells and is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammation. 

Aspirin and other NSAIDs function by blocking the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes that carry out the body s synthesis of prostaglandins (Sections 7.11 and 27.4). There are two forms of the enzyme, COX-1, which carries out the normal physiological production of prostaglandins, and COX-2, which mediates the body s response to arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Unfortunately, both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes are blocked by aspirin, ibuprofen, and other NSAIDs, thereby shutting down not only tire response to inflammation but also various protective functions, including the control mechanism for production of acid in the stomach. 

Prostaglandins are a group of lipid autacoids known as eicosanoids. They are produced from membrane phospholipids and found in almost every tissue and body fluid. They are involved in a number of physiological processes including inflammation, smooth muscle tone and gastrointestinal secretion. In the central nervous system they have been reported to produce both excitation and inhibition of neuronal activity. 

Hata AN, Breyer RM (2004) Pharmacology and signaling of prostaglandin receptors Multiple roles in inflammation and immune modulation. Pharmacol Ther 103 147-166... 

The manner in which salicylates relieve pain and reduce inflammation is not fully understood. It is thought that the analgesic action of the salicylates is due to tiie inhibition of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are fatty acid derivatives found in almost every tissue of the body and body fluid. Release of prostaglandin is thought... 

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