Inflammation chemical mediators

Horie and coworkers synthesized a series of flavones that showed promising inhibitory activity against archidonate 5-lipooxygenase. This enzyme is responsible for the initiation of bioactive leukotrienes that are chemical mediators of anaphylaxis and inflammation. Under standard K-R conditions o-hydroxyarylketone 66 and anhydride 67 in presence of the corresponding anhydride 68 delivered flavones 69 in yields of 42-65%. Subsequent hydrogenation of 69 afforded the flavone inhibitors 70. 

Fig. 2. IgG-mediated systemic versus local anaphylaxis, a IgG-mediated systemic anaphylaxis. When allergen-IgG immune complexes are formed in the circulation, basophils immediately capture them through IgG receptors on their surface and are activated to release PAF, that in turn act on vascular endothelial cells, leading to increased vascular permeability, b Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. When allergen-IgG immune complexes are formed in the skin, they stimulate tissue-resident mast cells to release chemical mediators such as histamine, leading to local inflammation. 

With regard to epinephrines potential adverse cardiac effects, it is important to remember that in anaphylaxis, the heart is a target organ. Mast cells located between myocardial fibers, in perivascular tissue, and in the arterial intima are activated through IgE and other mechanisms to release chemical mediators of inflammation, including histamine, leukotriene C4, and prostaglandin D2. Coronary artery spasm, myocardial injury, and cardiac dysrhythmias have been documented in some patients before epinephrine has been injected for treatment of anaphylaxis, as well as in patients with anaphylaxis who have not been treated with epinephrine [11, 12]. 

Serhan C. N. (2006). Novel chemical mediators in the resolution of inflammation Resolvins and protectins. Anesthesiol. Clinics North Am. 24 341-364. 

Several agents are now available that inhibit the action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a). TNF-a is a small protein (cytokine) that is released from cells involved in the inflammatory response. TNF-a seems to be a key chemical mediator that promotes inflammation and joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis.83 Drugs that inhibit this chemical will therefore help delay the progression of this disease by decreasing TNF-a s destructive effects.70... 

The anti-inflaminatory action of bromelain preparations is the result of dif-fjrjnt mechanisms thatnft simultaneous 11. First there is, as described sbevr, the depletion of the plasma kallikrein system, inhibiting the generation of bndykinin, a known chemical mediator of inflammation. Second, there is a negative action... 

The acute inflammatory process is associated initially with increased HA levels, the result of the cytokines released by the polymorphonuclear leukocytes, the predominant cells of the acute inflammatory process. The erythema, swelling, and warmth of the acute process are followed later by the characteristic dry appearance and the formation of wrinkles. The precise mechanisms are unknown, but may relate to the differences between acute and chronic inflammatory cells and the attendant chemical mediators released by such cells. Alternatively, initiation of a wound healing response, with collagen deposition, may be a mechanism invoked for the premature aged appearance of the skin in chronic inflammation. 

Histamine—a chemical mediator present in cells throughout the body that is released during an allergic reaction. Histamine is one of the substances responsible for the symptoms of inflammation and is the major reason for running nose, sneezing, and itching in allergic rhinitis. 

Prostaglandins Endogenous chemical mediators involved in inflammation derived from the cellular membrane unsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid. 

Inflammation is one of physiological responses of organisms when they suffer physically or chemically induced stress, and comprises complex processes influenced by chemical mediators [30], The mediators belong to different chemical classes, such as biologically active amines... 

The development of crystal-induced inflammation involves a number of chemical mediators causing vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and chemotactic activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Phagocytosis of urate crystals by the leukocytes results in rapid lysis of cells and a discharge of proteolytic enzymes into the cytoplasm. The ensuing inflammatory reaction is associated with intense joint pain, erythema, warmth, and swelling. Fever is common, as is leukocytosis. Untreated attacks may last from 3 to 14 days before spontaneous recovery. 

Infections with Candida B. Chemical Mediators of Inflammation... 

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