Infections and treatments

Lederman MM, Penn-Nicholson A, Cho M, Mosier D (2006) Biology of CCR5 and its role in HIV infection and treatment. JAMA 296 815-826... 

Rapid sub-typing of bacteria is needed for protection of public health and in civil-, criminal-, or terror-related forensics. Distinction of microbiological sub-types can signal important differences that affect the health risk from microbial infection and treatment strategies for disease. It can also be used to monitor the emergence of mutant strains.1 In cases of nosocomial (hospital-incurred) infections and outbreaks, sub-typing capability could be used as an alternative for identifying the route by which infection spreads. Many studies... 

Scheinfeld N. (2007) A comparison of available and investigational antibiotics for complicated skin infections and treatment-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and enterococcus. J Drugs Dermatol 6 97-103. 

There is an increased incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax after the administration of pentamidine by aerosol, which may be connected with the effect on airway resistance. There was a particularly high frequency of spontaneous pneumothorax in people with hemophilia the authors suggested that P. jiroveci infection and treatment resistance had played a role (SEDA-16, 313). 

In practice, treatment of amoebiasis can be divided into treatment of bowel lumen amoebiasis, and tissue-invading amoebiasis. The bowel lumen infection, which is usually asymptomatic, may be in trophozoites form (non-infective) or in cysts form (infective) and treatment is directed at eradicating cysts with a luminal amoebicide (e.g. diloxanide). The tissue-invading amoebiasis (giving rise to dysentery, hepatic amoebiasis and liver abscess) must be treated with systemically active drugs (systemic amoebicides) active against trophozoites (e.g. metronidazole, tinidazole also, in dangerously ill patients dehydroemetine may be used, which is less toxic than the parent emetine (derived from ipecacuanha). Sometimes antibiotics (e.g. tetracycline) are used concurrently to stop opportunist infections. 

Voting. A,-5, (1992), Immunisation of cattle against theiieriosis in Nakuru District of Kenya by infection and treatment and the introduction of unconventional lick control. Vet. Pamsitoi. 42, 225 240. 

All patients with disseminated blastomycosis, as well as those with extrapuhnonary disease, require therapy. Ketoconazole 400 mg/ day oraUy for 6 months cures more than 80% of patients with chronic pulmonary and nonmeningeal disseminated blastomycosis. Amphotericin B is more efficacious but more toxic and therefore is reserved for noncomphant patients and patients with overwhelming or life-threatening disease, CNS infection, and treatment failures. Cumulative amphotericin B dosages of more than 1 g have resulted in cure without relapse in 70% to 91 % of patients with blastomycosis. Relapse rates depend on the total dosage of amphotericin B administered. Patients with genitourinary tract disease should be treated initially with 600-800 mg/day of ketoconazole because of the low concentrations of drug achieved in the urine and prostate tissue. 

Measurement of sIL-2R may be a more sensitive indicator of impending rejection than IL-2, although recent publications suggest that the predictive value of isolated results does not exceed that of creatinine. Levels are increased in chronic renal failure, bacterial and viral infection, and treatment with ATT or OKT3 cells (Yll). Malcus et al. (M6) found that serum creatinine and sIL-2R rose over the course of 5 days prior to a rejection episode. Increased sIL-2R in plasma had a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 87% for acute rejection, whereas creatinine showed a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 84%. A number of authors (D22, Nil, S52) have found that it is possible to distinguish viral infection and cycio-... 

Fig. 3. Cell fusion in vaccinia virus-infected cells in the presence of actinomycin D. L cells were infected with the IHD-J or the IHD-W strains of vaccinia virus (3000 particles/cell) in the presence of actinomycin D (20 fxg/ml). The phase contrast photomicrographs were taken at 3 hr after infection and treatment. (A) IHD-W with actinomycin D, (B) actinomycin D, (C) IHD-J with actinomycin D, and (D) cell control. From unpublished data of R. Bablanian.

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