Infection pathology

Chen SC, Barker SM, Mitchell DH, Stevens SM, O Neill P, Cunningham AL. Concurrent zidovudine-induced myopathy and hepa-totoxicity in patients treated for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Pathology 1992 24 109-111. 

Wong KT, Shieh WJ, Kumar S, et al. Nipah virus infection. Pathology and pathogenesis of an emerging paramyxoviral zoonosis. Am Pathol. 2002 161 2153-2167. 

Study (Ref ) Year of Article (Species) RRV Detected (Method of detection) Tissue Examined/ Pathology Produced Nature of the Cell Infiltrate Associated with Infection/Pathology... 

Sufficient numbers of control animals should be employed. The use of such controls allows a determination of normal values for features monitored ki the study and background kicidence of pathology ki the population studied detection of the onset of adverse conditions, eg, infection, which are unrelated to, and detrimental to, the conduct of the study and deviation of monitored features between controls and exposed animals, which may kidicate a treatmentrelated effect. 

To mycologists, each fungal infection has something specific, either in its symptomatology or its etiology. However, this is less obvious to practitioners. The incidence and the severity of the pathology are sometimes underestimated. Mycoses may be classified as follows ... 

Human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (Fig. 1) is a hormone-like proinflammatory peptide belonging to the group of cytokines. It is mainly produced by cells of the immune system in response to infection, inflammation, or cell damage. Disregulated TNF is an important factor in many pathological situations, like sqDsis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn s disease), and Cachexia. The cytotoxic activity of TNF is of interest in development of new antitumoral strategies. 

Diseases affecting skeletal muscle are not always primary diseases of muscle, and it is necessary first to determine whether a particular disorder is a primary disease of muscle, is neurogenic in origin, is an inflammatory disorder, or results from vascular insufficiency. A primary disease of muscle is one in which the skeletal muscle fibers are the primary target of the disease. Neurogenic disorders are those in which weakness, atrophy, or abnormal activity arises as a result of pathological processes in the peripheral or central nervous system. Inflammatory disorders may result in T-cell mediated muscle damage and are often associated with viral infections. Vascular insufficiency as a result of occlusion in any part of the muscle vasculature can cause severe disorders of muscle, especially in terms of pain, metabolic insufficiency, and weakness. 

A broad and vigorons T cell response generally accompanies elimination of HBV as well as HCV infection. By contrast, patients with chronic hepatitis B or C tend to have late, transient, or narrow T cell responses. In a long-term follow-up of HBV-infected patients receiving HPC transplants from HBV-immune individuals, 20 of 31 recipients cleared their HBV infection (Hui et al. 2005). In principle, these results encourage the development of adoptive T cell transfer strategies for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. However, it is still controversial whether induction of an efficient T cell response is the cause or the consequence of viral clearance. Furthermore, T cell responses do not only contribute to virus control but also to disease pathology (Rehermann and Nascimbeni 2005). 

Cross protection is well known in plant pathology, where inoculation with one virus, for example, can give a highly specific protection against subsequent infections by that virus (Sequiera, 1983). More interestingly in... 

Metraux, J.P. Boiler, Th. (1986). Local and systemic induction of chitinase in cucumber plants in response to viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 28, 161-9. 

Salt, S.D., Tuzun, S. Kuc, J. (1986). Effects of jS-ionone and abscisic acid on the growth and resistance to blue mold. Mimicry of effects of stem infection by Peronospora tabacina Adam. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 28, 287-97. 

Budka H (1989) Human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-induced disease of the central nervous system pathology and implications for pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol 77(3) 225-236 Budka H (1991) Neuropathology of human immunodeficiency vims infection. Brain Pathol 1(3) 163-175... 

Brengel-Pesce K, Innocenti-Francillard P, Morand P, Chanzy B, Seigneurin JM (1997) Transient infection of astrocytes with HIV-1 primary isolates derived from patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. J Neurovirol 3 449-454 Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S, Lechi A, Parravicini C, Trabattoni R, Vago L (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 75 185-198... 

Rappaport J, Cho YY, Hendel H, Schwartz EJ, Schachter E, Zagury JE (1997) 32 bp CCR-5 gene deletion and resistance to fast progression in HlV-1 infected heterozygotes. Lancet 349 922-923 Rappaport J, Joseph J, Croul S, Alexander G, Del VaUe L, Amini S, Khatili K (1999) Molecular pathway involved in HlV-1-induced CNS pathology role of viral regulatory protein. Tat. J... 

At the start of the HIV epidemic in the 1980s, the peripheral nervous system involvement in HIV infection was not widely appreciated. However, as the number of cases grew, it became obvious that not only were peripheral neuropathies common in HIV infection, but were also present in all stages of the disease, from seroconversion through end-stage immunodeficiency. The neuropathic complications occurred as a result of a variety of pathological processes in HIV infection (Verma 2001). 

Selective media for staphylococci. It is often necessary to examine pathological specimens, food and pharmaceutical products for the presence of staphylococci, organisms which can cause food poisoning as well as systemic infections. 

The body possesses an efficient natural defence mechanism which restricts microorganisms to areas where they can be tolerated. A breach of this mechanism, allowing them to reach tissues which are normally inaccessible, results in an infechon. Invasion and multiplicahon of the organism in the infected host m result in a pathological condihorr, the clirrical entity of disease. 

Sequence variation could in principle result in differences in disease pathology, but no such link has been proven to date and the progression of the disease is generally independent of genotype. There is a strong association of particular subtypes with different modes of transmission. The high prevalence genotype lb infection in the developed world is attributed mostly to the use of contaminated blood in transfusions. Subtypes la and 3a currently... 

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