Infant term baby

The term baby foods usually refers to foods other than milk or formula that are fed to infants during the first year of life. Baby foods are generally used during the period between the time an infant first requires supplementation of milk or formula and the age when he or she is ready to eat the foods served to the rest of the family. 

Later in intra-uterine life, the human infant is susceptible to early chemical prompting, but again the affector route is not known with certainty. Neonatal discrimination in favour of familiar (maternal) amniotic fluid is demonstrable, suggesting that the foetus already has active chemosensory capacities (Schaal, 1998). Smell and taste are operative in the near full-term foetus since it shows detection of about 120 mg/day maternal intake of anethole (as anise condiments) within a few days before parturition this exposure induced subsequent preferential responses by babies to anethole (Schaal et ai, 2000). The human neonate is not likely to have its organ as a fully functioning chemosensor,... 

Percutaneous drug absorption can present special problems in newborns, especially in preterm infants. While the skin of a newborn term infant may have the same protective capacity as the skin of an adult, a preterm infant will not have this protective barrier until after 2 to 3 weeks of life. Excessive percutaneous absorption has caused significant toxicity to preterm babies. Absorption of hexachlorophene soap used to bathe newborns has resulted in brain damage and death. Aniline dyes on hospital linen have caused cyanosis secondary to methemoglobinemia, and EMLA (lidocaine/prilocaine) cream may cause methemoglobinemia when administered to infants less than 3 months of age. 

As far as the child is concerned, there may be only moderate adrenal suppression (392), although in some cases substitution treatment with glucocorticoids can be necessary in such babies short-term treatment with betamethasone shortly before birth generally does not inhibit the infant s adrenal capacity to react to corticotropin (393). A single case of a leukemoid reaction in a preterm infant has been observed, after the mother was given betamethasone shortly before delivery (SEDA-3, 306). 

There does not appear to be any difference between children and adults in terms of how much aluminum will enter the body, where aluminum can be found in the body, and how fast aluminum will leave the body. Aluminum from the mother can enter her unborn baby through the placenta. Aluminum is found in breast milk, but only a small amount of this aluminum will enter the infant s body through breastfeeding... 

One animal study showed that more chromium(III) will enter the body of a newborn than an adult. We do not know if this is also true for chromium(VI). We have no information to suggest that there are any differences between children and adults in terms of where chromium can be found in the body, and how fast chromium will leave the body. Studies with mice have shown that chromium crosses the placenta and concentrates in fetal tissue. Therefore, pregnant women who were exposed to chromium in the workplace or by living near chromium waste sites may transfer chromium from their blood into the baby where it may build up at levels greater than in the mother. There is some evidence in humans that chromium can be transferred from mother to infant through breast milk. 

The transfer to milk of risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone has been examined in two breast-feeding women and in one woman with risperidone-induced galactorrhea (209). The milkrplasma concentration ratio was under 0.5 for both compounds the calculated relative infant doses were 2.3%, 2.8%, and 4.7% of that of women s weight-adjusted doses neither compound was detected in the plasma of the two babies, who achieved their developmental milestones satisfactorily and did not have any adverse effect attributable to risperidone. The authors concluded that maternal risperidone therapy is unlikely to pose a significant hazard to the breast-fed infant in the short term, and recommended an individual benefit-harm analysis to take decisions about this issue. 

Postnatal infection also poses a danger for the non-vaccinated baby/infant in terms of breast milk (127), injury to the mamilla and close physical contact with regard to an HBsAg-positive mother. (128)... 

A term infant is born at home and does well with breast-feeding. Two days later, the mother calls frantically because the baby is bleeding from the umbilical cord and nostrils. The most likely cause is... 

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