Infant morality

In 2002, the three leading causes (congenital mal-formations/genetic defects, low birthweight, and sudden infant death syndrome) were responsible for 45% of all infant deaths. In 2001, United States infant morality was 6.8 per 1000 live births and this death rate increased to 7.0 per 1000 live births in 2002. 

Rothenberg SJ, Poblano A, Garza-Morales S. 1994. Prenatal and perinatal low level lead exposure alters brainstem auditory evoked responses in infants. Neurotoxicology 15 695-700. 

Does a baby have a moral conscience While a baby is not faced with many serious ethical dilemmas, his or her moral character is formed from the earliest stages of infancy. Recent research has shown that the type of parenting an infant receives has a dramatic impact on the (V child s moral development and, consequently, success later in life. The renowned childcare expert T. Berry Brazelton claims that he can... 

These arguments for the social nature of our ability to reason - that it depends on the existence of others with whom to reason - draw attention to what is often forgotten in the Western philosophical tradition that we do not come into the world as independent, reasoning adults but as helpless infants, totally dependent on the care of others, and that throughout our lives, during shorter or longer periods of sickness, disability or frailty, we may need to be taken care of by others. Those able to do everyday tasks for themselves still need others to correct their moral and intellectual errors and to prevent them from becoming victims of their own fantasies. 

Infante, C., Ramos-Morales, F., Fedriani, C., Bomens, M., and Rios, R. M. (1999). GMAP-210, a cis-Golgi network-associated protein, is a minus end microtubulebinding protein./. Cell Biol. 145,83-98. 

J. A. Blaymore Bier, A. E. Ferguson, Y. Morales, J. A. Liebling, W. Oh, B. R. Bohd, Breast-feeding infants who were extremely low birth weight, Pediatrics, 100 (1997), E3. 

Cano F, Morales M, Delucchi A. Amykacin-related apneic episode in an infant on peritoneal dialysis. Pediatr Nephrol... 

Graham, G. G., Lembcke, J., Lancho, E., and Morales, E. (1989). Quality protein maize Digestibility and utilization by recovering malnourished infants. Pediatrics 83, 416-421. 

The experiments in this example involved a small group of infants (no more than 16) sitting on the laps of their mothers, with fussy infants excluded from the experiments. But more important than the problematic design of these experiments are their conclusions, because it s such conclusions that are picked up by people in other fields and by the media, and sooner or later there s a press report that a universal moral instinct as an evolutionary biological adaptation is already evident in infants io months old. 

Morales, R, and Jimenez-Perez, S., Hydroxymethylfurfural determination in infant milk-based formulas by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Food Chem., 72, 525, 2001. 

Our study has shown that the creative forces that shaped Byzantine orphan care came from the interactions of Greek and Roman laws and customs with the moral imperatives of Christianity. As soon as Constantine accepted the new religion, he turned his attention to the protection of orphans. First, he changed the laws of guardianship to offer greater protection to the orphan wards, and then he experimented with ways to discourage abandonment of infants. 

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