Industry Structure Analysis

The research work described here was carried out by an able group of students of Yamaguchi University and Ube Techinical College, and in collaboration with our laboratory staffs and industrial colleagues. In particular, Dr. S. Fujisaki and Dr. T. Okamoto made significant contributions. We thank them all, and also Dr. H. Tsuzuki of Central Analytical Center of Kyushu University undertook X-ray crystal structure analysis of BTMA Br3. Furthermore, we wish to thank Professor M. Tashiro of Kyushu University for useful discussions. Finally, we are grateful to Professor Y. Sasson of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Chairman of the Scientific Committee of Orgabrom 93, for the invitation to present this work in Jerusalem. 

To assure consistency and speed in multidisciplinary structure analysis of low-MW compounds involving various techniques (IR, NMR, MS, etc.) most industrial laboratories use a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). In such schemes IR analysis is frequently used as a cheap filter for a quick starting control and as a means for verification. As IR detects only structural units identification of an unknown compound on the basis of IR is difficult. Mass spectrometry is used as the prime identification tool and is especially important in the determination of the exact mass and gross formulae. While structural prognostication on the basis of MS is difficult for the non-expert, a posteriori interpretation is quite feasible. H NMR is both easy and cheap, however requires greater sample quantities than either... 

Very widespread use, largely for the identification and structural analysis of organic materials useful for quantitative analysis but less widely used than UV and visible spectrometry. Near infrared region used increasingly for industrial quality control. 

Hyphenated analytical techniques such as LC-MS, which combines liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry, are well-developed laboratory tools that are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Eor some compounds, mass spectrometry alone is insufficient for complete structural elucidation of unknown compounds nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) can help elucidate the structure of these compounds (see Chapter 20). Traditionally, NMR experiments are performed on more or less pure samples, in which the signals of a single component dominate. Therefore, the structural analysis of individual components of complex mixtures is normally time-consuming and less cost-effective. The... 

Other computer models and analytical tools are used to predict how materials, systems, or personnel respond when exposed to fire conditions. Hazard-specific calculations are more widely used in the petrochemical industry, particularly as they apply to structural analysis and exposures to personnel. Explosion and vapor cloud hazard modeling has been addressed in other CCPS Guidelines (CCPS, 1994). Again, levels of sophistication range from hand calculations using closed-form equations to numerical techniques. 

Horowitz, S. Griffin, M.W. (1991). Structural analysis of Bacillus licheniformis 86 surfactant. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, 7, 45-52. 

Capillary electrophoresis has found use in the biotechnology industry for structural analysis of recombinant proteins. The high resolving power of CE for charged analytes makes it a powerful tool for the analysis of tryptic digests. Therefore, many of the techniques given here, such as the determination of thiols, carbohydrates, and amino acids, will be employed for this purpose. 

IR, Raman, NMR, ESR, UPS, XPS, AES, EELS, SIMS) [1]. However, some industrial carbon materials such as amorphous carbon films and carbon black cannot be easily characterized from the local-structure point of view by these methods, because these materials usually take amorphous and complex structures. Recently, soft X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy using highly brilliant synchrotron radiation [2] has been utilized to characterize various carbon materials, because information on both the occupied and unoccupied orbitals, which directly reflect the local structure and chemical states, can be provided from the high-resolution soft X-ray measurements. We have applied the soft X-ray spectroscopy to elucidate the local structure and chemical states of various carbon materials [3]. Additionally, we have successfully used the discrete variational (DV)-Xa method [4] for the soft X-ray spectroscopic analysis of the carbon materials, because the DV-Xa method can easily treat complex carbon cluster models, which should be considered for the structural analysis of amorphous carbon materials. 

Consolidation can also improve the structure and performance of an entire industry segment. In an analysis of a large set of commodity and specialty products, we assessed for each segment the likelihood that capacity rationalization benefits would be realized, the value they represented, and the feasibility of consolidation (Fig. 14.1). Improvements to industry structure appeared to be feasible and also to offer a source of considerable potential value for large product segments such as polystyrene, ABS, PVC, and polyethylene (Fig. 14.2). 

Fig. 14.3 Comparison of industry structure - degree of concentration Source TECNON, McKinsey analysis...

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