Industrial solvents 1,4-dioxane

Some industrial solvents are found on the Proposition 65 Hst. As of January 1, 1993 (2), benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methjlene chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 2-nitropropane, and perchloroethylene have been Hsted as substances known to the state of California to cause cancer. Ethji alcohol in alcohoHc beverages, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethjiene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and toluene are Hsted as substances known to the state of California to cause reproductive toxicity. Because the Hst is being expanded periodically, it is necessary for a user of industrial solvents to maintain awareness of the Proposition 65 Hst. 

Phenol, the simplest and industrially more important phenolic compound, is a multifunctional monomer when considered as a substrate for oxidative polymerizations, and hence conventional polymerization catalysts afford insoluble macromolecular products with non-controlled structure. Phenol was subjected to oxidative polymerization using HRP or soybean peroxidase (SBP) as catalyst in an aqueous-dioxane mixture, yielding a polymer consisting of phenylene and oxyphenylene units (Scheme 19). The polymer showed low solubility it was partly soluble in DMF and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and insoluble in other common organic solvents. 

An important industrial improvement was provided by the observation (455) that under appropriate conditions cheap salts of biguanide could be substituted for the costly free bases. Thus acid chlorides or anhydrides are claimed to react in inert organic solvents (e.g. acetone, dioxan, pyridine, benzene) with biguanide salts in the presence of alkalis, giving near-quantitative yields of guanamines. Substitution of an acid chloride or anhydride by an ester in non-hydroxylic solvents gives only negligible... 

Solvent for polymerization reaetion. Anhydrous dioxane (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd, Osaka, Japan). 

Summary TATB can be made by reacting dry ammonia gas with 1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene in dioxane solvent. The resulting precipitated product is then filtered-off, washed, and then dried. Commercial Industrial note For related, or similar information, see Serial No. 813,039, May 13th, 1959, by The United States Navy, to Lloyd A. Kaplan, Adelphi, MD, and Francis Taylor, Jr., Baltimore MD. Part or parts of this laboratory process may be protected by international, and/or commercial/industrial processes. Before using this process to legally manufacture the mentioned explosive, with intent to sell, consult any protected commercial or industrial processes related to, similar to, or additional to, the process discussed in this procedure. This process may be used to legally prepare the mentioned explosive for laboratory, educational, or research purposes. 

General-purpose organic solvents used in the chemical industry that are difficult to separate with conventional methods represent a potential area where pervaporation finds applications. The use of polymeric membranes in this case was not very successful due to the low chemical stability of the polymers in the organic solvent. The separations that have been accomplished up-to-date with zeolite membranes include tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, and dioxane. 

Problem 17.14 1,4-Dioxane is prepared industrially (for use as a water-soluble solvent) by dehydration of an alcohol. What alcohol is used ... 

Phenol, the simplest and most important phenolic compound in industrial fields, is a multifunctional monomer for oxidative polymerization, and hence, conventional polymerization catalysts afford an insoluble product with uncontrolled structure. On the other hand, the peroxidase catalysis induced the polymerization in aqueous organic solvent to give a powdery polymer consisting of phenylene and ox-yphenylene units showing relatively high thermal stability (Scheme 2).5,6 In the HRP and soybean peroxidase (SBP)-catalyzed polymerization in the aqueous 1,4-dioxane, the resulting polymer showed low solubility the polymer was partly soluble in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide and insoluble in other common organic solvents.5 On the other hand, the aqueous methanol solvent af-... 

---