Induction problem

One important human problem-solving strategy is the application of imagination or intelligent use of a chain of hypotheses to guide the search for an effective line of retrosynthetic analysis. This inductive problem-solving dimension has been discussed previously. 

I believe that empirical observations only attain the status of laws when they are accompanied by theories that support their generality or, sometimes, show their limitations. The second law of thermodynamics, with which I began this chapter, is surely a case in point. The claim that spontaneous processes will always increase the entropy of the universe is something that one can accept as a law primarily because of the statistical argument that there are more ways for things to be disordered than ordered. Certainly, one wants experimental studies to bolster the claim, but such studies by themselves would not be convincing because of the general inductive problem of empirical science—one could never rule out the possibility that some particular set(s) of conditions not studied in the experimental tests would lead to an exception to the... 

Roles for an expert system can be learned by rule induction from a set of examples. This makes this method similar to the use of classifiers - it will solve problems of similar complexity and have similar disadvantages (e.g. possibility of unnoticed misclassifications). 

The understanding and simulation of chemical reactions is one of the great challenges of chemoinformatics. Each day millions of reactions are performed, sometimes with rather poor results because of our limited understanding of chemical reactivity and the influence of solvents, catalysts, temperature, etc. This problem has to be tackled by both deductive and inductive learning methods. 

The problem of electrophilic substitution into the anilinium ion has been examined by the methods of m.o. theory. Attempts to simulate the --inductive effect in Hiickel M.o. theory by varying the Coulomb integral of C(j) (the carbon atom to which the NH3+ group is attached) remove 7r-electrons from the o- and -positions and add them to the... 

However, reaction 7 suffers other shortcomings, eg, entropy problems. Other proposals range from trace peroxidic contaminants to ionic mechanisms for generating peroxides (1) to cosmic rays (17). In any event, the initiating reactions are significant only during the induction period (18). 

A unique problem arises when reducing the fissile isotope The amount of that can be reduced is limited by its critical mass. In these cases, where the charge must be kept relatively small, calcium becomes the preferred reductant, and iodine is often used as a reaction booster. This method was introduced by Baker in 1946 (54). Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory have recently introduced a laser-initiated modification to this reduction process that offers several advantages (55). A carbon dioxide laser is used to initiate the reaction between UF and calcium metal. This new method does not requite induction heating in a closed bomb, nor does it utilize iodine as a booster. This promising technology has been demonstrated on a 200 g scale. 

Toxicological studies have demonstrated that there are no important problems with fluconazole. Therapeutic doses of fluconazole may cause enzyme induction in the Hver. This suggests that interactions with other dmgs cannot be excluded. The side effects are similar to those of itraconazole and include nausea, headache, and vertigo. Occasionally, increased Hver enzymes may be noted. Like itraconazole, fluconazole is contraindicated during pregnancy. 

Many of the technical problems of fabrication that formerly inhibited the use of titanium alloys in dental castings (164—166) have been effectively solved, and titanium castings may now be obtained for virtually any type of dental appHance at prices that are increasingly competitive. Special induction or electric-arc furnaces are necessary for casting titanium alloys, and this specialized equipment has, until now, been available in only a limited number of commercial dental laboratories. However, the relatively high price of this equipment, attributed to development costs, is expected to decline significantly this should help to improve the general availabihty of cast titanium appHances. 

The above problem can also be overcome by impedance grounding rather than solid grounding. It can be a resistance R or inductance L or both, as discussed above. In the present case, if we consider a p.u. resistance / of Just 9% in every neutral, the improved ground fault current... 

If we are able to provide an inductance of this value with each capacitor bank of 60 kVAr the problem of excessive inrush transient current can be overcome and the component ratings as chosen above will be sufficient to switch a parallel circuit. 

Sverdlow, N, and Buchta, M.A., Practical solution of induction heating problems resulting from high current buses , Trans. IEEE, 78, 1736-1742 (1959). 

Here not only does the resistive portion of the capacitor model cause problems, but if the PCB is laid out asymmetrically between paralleled capacitors, the trace inductance causes unbalanced heating within the capacitors, thus shortening the life of the hottest capacitor. 

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