Induced folding

Munoz, A., Laib, F., Petering, D.H. and Shaw, C.F. Ill (1999) Characterization of the cadmium complex of peptide 49-61 a putative nudeation center for cadmium-induced folding in rabbit liver metallothionein IIA. Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 4, 495—507. 

In this case, a moderately water-soluble amphiphilic N-vinylcaprolaclam (NVC1) played the role of a fl-unit, and a well-water-compatible N-vinyl-imidazole (NVIAz) served as a P-unil. The polymerization was carried out in a medium of 10% aqueous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The addition of DMSO to the reaction solvent was necessary because of insufficient NVC1 solubility in pure water. It was also shown that in this solvent mixture, the NVCl-homopolymers and NVCl/NVIAz-copolymers retained their LCST-behaviour [26,28]. Hence, the DMSO in the reaction solvent did not significantly suppress the hydrophobic interactions of the NVC1 units. The polymerization was initiated by the redox system (N,N,N, N -tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) + ammonium persulphate (APS)) and was carried out at 65 °C (1st step). This condition was very important, since admittedly the temperature was higher than the phase separation threshold of the reaction bulk when the polymeric products were formed that is, under these thermal conditions, hydrophobically-induced folding as the NVCl-blocks appear was ensured. After completion of the reaction, the... 

Uversky, V.N., A.S. Kamoup, D.J. Segel, S. Seshadri, S. Doniach, and A.L. Fink. 1998. Anion-induced folding of Staphylococcal nuclease characterization of multiple equilibrium partially folded intermediates. J Mol Biol 278 879-894. 

The ability of DNA-binding drugs to induce chromatin condensation calls for in-depth studies, because the biological consequence of chromatin condensation is its loss of transcriptional ability. Therefore it might be a mechanism of transcription inhibition by the reversible DNA binders. The first report in this line (Sen and Crothers, 1986) employed transient electric dichroism to study the ability of the drugs to induce folding of chromatin from the 10- to 30-nm fiber either by... 

R. H., Draper, D. E. Magnesium ion, fhiostrepton, and ribosomal protein Lll all induce folding of the same rRNA tertiary structure. RNA 1999. 

Scheme 4.10 The sequential addition of various CB[ ] and guests to 41 induces folding, forced unfolding, and refolding of 41 into four different conformations. See insert for color representation of this figure.

Yang XW, Martinovic S, Smith RD, Gong B. Duplex foldamers from assembly-induced folding. J Am Chem Soc 2003 125 9932-9933. 

Scheme 1 The Concept of Template-Assembled Synthetic Proteins (TASP) Topological Templates Induce Folding of Covalently Attached Peptide Blocks into Predetermined Packing Arrangements 5 13 141...

Michnick, S. W. (2001). Exploring protein interactions by interaction-induced folding of proteins from complementary peptide fragments. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 11, 472-477. 

Grilley, D., Misra, V., et al. (2007). Importance of partially unfolded conformations for Mg (2+)-induced folding of RNA tertiary structure Structural models and free energies of Mg2+ interactions. Biochemistry 46(36), 10266—10278. 

Lang, K., Rieder, R., and Micura, R. (2007). Ligand-induced folding of the thiM TPP riboswitch investigated by a structure-based fluorescence spectroscopic approach. Nucleic Acids Res. 35, 5370-5378. 

At higher temperatures, higher concentrations of counterions are needed to induce folding in nucleic acids. This is so because thermal fluctuations resist the propensity of counterions to condense in the vicinity of the polyelectrolyte [108, 109]. This is in agreement with experiments [31, 108-110]. In fact,... 

Prajapati S, Bhakuni V, Babu KR et al (1998) Alkaline unfolding and salt-induced folding of bovine liver catalase at high pH. Eur J Biochem 255 178-184... 

Some cellular assays also present the ability to measure kinase activation using recombinantly expressed intracellular sensor molecules that fluoresce in response to phosphorylation. These sensors are reviewed by Lawrence et al. (2007). The most interesting versions use yellow and blue fluorescent proteins to create a FRET through phosphorylation-induced folding with an intramolecular SH2 domain. SH2 domains are known to bind tightly to phosphotyrosine molecules and have been successfully shown to serve as phosphotyrosine detectors. In this type of assay, imaging is not necessary because the total fluorescence can be measured in a population of cells using a standard plate reader. 

In addition to folding as a single-chain heterodimer, the HAj—HA2 complex undergoes transient associations with other proteins, namely chaperones, followed by a more permanent self-association, in its endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folding environment. It need not be supposed that chaperones actively induce folding of HA into a metastable... 

A fundamental feature of proteins is their amphiphihc and chiral characteristics, which induce folding of the peptide chain that results in a mainly hydrophobic core covered by a hydrophihc surface layer. In the evolution of protein structure, which has taken place in an aqueous envirorvment, the forces that drive self-assembly (discuss in Chapter 3) have played a central role. 

Polar oligoethyleneglycol segment in the periphery 0 9 induces folding ... 

Induced Folding The Bete Noire of Drug Design... 

As illustrated in this chapter, the induced folding problem may be tractable in special contexts that are relevant to drug design there are restrictive instances where structural adaptation may be steered in a controllable and predictable way, and selectivity control may be achieved through the identification of targets that undergo a similar induced fit upon association. 

Wrapping the Target A Tractable Case of Induced Folding... 

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