Indole-3-acetic acid, biochemical

Indolealkylamines. GC-MS methods applied in studies of the biochemical pharmacology of indoleamines parallel work on the catecholamines. SIM assays for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-methoxytryptamine, JV-acetylserotonin and melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) in rat pineal and brain tissue have been described [453,469]. Pentafluoro-propionyl derivatives and structural homologue standardisation were employed with detection limits in the subpicomole range. Estimation of central indoleamine turnover in man currently depends upon metabolite determination in CSF. Ion monitoring determination of indole-3-acetic acid [454] a metabolite of tryptamine, and isotope dilution assays for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) [455,458] have been reported. Serotonin is converted by central monoamine oxidase to 5-HIAA and the measurement of this metabolite, formerly by fluorimetry, is of interest in patients with CNS disorders [470]. GC-MS has also contributed to the identification of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in vitro [471] and isotope dilution technique has been applied to the measurement of this metabolite in control subjects and in psychiatric patients [472]. 

There is further evidence to support the claim that brassinosteroids are hormonal in their action (6). These are the effects of brassinolide on gravitropism (7), effects in conjunction with light quality (8), effects on photosynthate partitioning (9), probable effects on phytochrome (10), substitution for indole-3-acetic acid in soybean epicotyls (11), enhancement of xylem differentiation (11), stimulation of membrane permeability in cucumber hypocotyls (12), and stimulation of ATPase activity (12). Taken objectively, many of these specific physiological and biochemical functions which are attributed to brassinolide, and by inference to the brassinosteroids in general, have been attributed to the other plant hormones, especially indole-3-acetic acid and the gibberellins (6, 13). 

Kawano T, Kawano N, Hosoya H, Lapeyrie F. Fungal auxin antagonist hypaphorine competitively inhibits indole-3-acetic acid-dependent superoxide generation by horseradish peroxidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001 288 546-51. 

L.K. Folkes, M.F. Dennis, M.R.L. Stratford, L.P. Candeias and P. Wardman, Peroxidase-catalyzed effects of indole-3-acetic acid and analogues on lipid membranes, DNA and mammalian cells in vitro, Biochem. Pharmacol., 57 (1999) 375. 

L.K. Folkes and P. Wardman, Oxidative activation of indole-3-acetic acids to cytotoxic species - a potential new role for plant auxins in cancer therapy, Biochem. Pharmacol., 61 (2001) 129. 

Kaldewey H, Jacobs WP (1975) The influence of humidity and gibberellic acid on movement and immobilization of radiocarbon within petioles of Coleus blumei Benth. after application of indole-3-(acetic acid-2- C) to leaves of intact plants. Biochem Physiol Pflanz 168 401-410... 

Nitrilases in plants are comprised of two subtypes with different biological functions. The first subtype involves nitrilases exhibiting mostly over 70% identity levels to the biochemically characterized nitrilases 1-3 from A. thaliana, which act on substrates such as 3-phenylpropionitrile, allylcyanide, or indole-3-acetonitrile. They seem to be specific for Brassicaceae, which is in accordance with their preference for the nitriles endogeneous in this family or structurally similar to them [22]. They are able to produce plant auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid but the role of this pathway in vivo is not fully understood [21]. 

Jackson, R.G. et al. (2001) Identification and biochemical characterization of an Arabidopsis indole-3-acetic acid glucosyltransferase. J. Biol. 

Reynolds, J.S., Kimbrough, T.D., and Weekley, L.B. (198A). Evidence for enzymatic 5-hydroxylation of indole-3-acetic acid m vitro by extracts of Sedum morganianum. Z. fur Pflanzenphysiol., 112, 465-470. Reynolds, J.D., Kimbrough, T.D., and Weekley, L.B. (1985). The effect of light quality on 5-hydroxyindole metabolism in leaves of Sedum morganianum (Crassulaceae). Biochem. Physiol. Pflanzen., 180,... 

Bartling D, Seedorf M, Mithofer A, Weiler EW. Cloning and expression of an Arabidopsis nitrilase which can convert indole-3-acetonitrile to the plant hormone, indole-3-acetic acid [J], Eur Biochem 1992, 205 (1) 417-424. 

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal has been used as a methine group source for various heteroring closures, particularly for an efficient 2-step indole synthesis from nitro compounds . The investigation of 3H-1,4-benzodiazepines with their two imino functions, particularly one with an a-iminonitrile function, has been added to the highly versatile chemistry of these heterocyclics Barbituric acid and 2,3,5-trioxopyrrolidine derivatives have been obtained through easy base-catalyzed reactions of active methylene compounds with isocyanates From the neighboring biochemical area come these contributions in preparative enzyme chemistry a-Chymotrypsin as well as citrus... 

Biochemical studies on the oncolytic dimeric indole alkaloids have shown that vinblastine and vincristine are mitotic spindle poisons and inhibit RNA synthesis [63, 64]. Vinleurosine has been found to inhibit the uptake of uridine- H and the incorporation of this nucleoside into RNA, of glutamic acid- C into proteins, and of acetate- C into lipids, during in vitro and in vivo studies with S 180. Incorporation of acetate into phospholipids was most sensitive to the inhibitory effect of the alkaloid [65]. 

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