Indium abundance

Figure Bl.25.9(a) shows the positive SIMS spectrum of a silica-supported zirconium oxide catalyst precursor, freshly prepared by a condensation reaction between zirconium ethoxide and the hydroxyl groups of the support [17]. Note the simultaneous occurrence of single ions (Ff, Si, Zr and molecular ions (SiO, SiOFf, ZrO, ZrOFf, ZrtK. Also, the isotope pattern of zirconium is clearly visible. Isotopes are important in the identification of peaks, because all peak intensity ratios must agree with the natural abundance. In addition to the peaks expected from zirconia on silica mounted on an indium foil, the spectrum in figure Bl. 25.9(a)...

The abundance of indium in the earth s cmst is probably about 0.1 ppm, similat to that of silver. It is found in trace amounts in many minerals, particulady in the sulfide ores of zinc and to a lesser extent in association with sulfides of copper, tin, and lead. Indium follows zinc through flotation concentration, and commercial recovery of the metal is achieved by treating residues, flue dusts, slags, and metallic intermediates in zinc smelting and associated lead (qv) and copper (qv) smelting (see Metallurgy, EXTRACTIVE Zinc and zinc alloys). 

Indium (0.24 ppm) is similar in abundance to Sb and Cd, whereas T1 (0.7 ppm) is close to Tm and somewhat less abundant than Mo, W and Tb (1.2 ppm). Both elements are chalcophiles (p. 648), indium tending to associate with the similarly sized Zn in its sulfide minerals whilst the larger T1 tends to replace Pb in galena, PbS. Thallium(I) has a similar radius to Rb and so also concentrates with this element in the late magmatic potassium minerals such as feldspars and micas. 

Indium is a rather rare metal. It is the 69th most abundant element, which is about as abundant as silver at 0.05 ppm. Although it is widely spread over the Earths crust, it is found in very small concentrations and always combined with other metal ores. It is never found in its natural metallic state. 

Estimates of the Mars core composition by the authors listed above suggest it is made of metal plus iron sulfide, the latter varying from 29 to 44 wt.%. Abundances of siderophile (tungsten, phosphorus, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel) and chalcophile (indium, copper) elements in the mantle (Fig. 13.23) are consistent with equilibrium between sulfide, metal, and mantle silicate at high temperature and pressure (Righter and Drake, 1996). 

Although conventional solar cells based on silicon are produced from abundant raw materials, the high-temperature fabrication routes to single-crystal and polycrystalline silicon are energy intensive and expensive. The search for alternative solar cells has therefore focused on thin films composed of amorphous silicon and on other semiconductor heterojunction cells (e.g., cadmium telluride and copper indium... 

The elements below boron in Group IIIA of the periodic table include one of the most common and useful metals and three others that are much less important. Aluminum is the third most abundant element, and it occurs naturally in a wide variety of aluminosilicates, some of which will be described in more detail in Chapter 11. It also occurs in the minerals bauxite, which is largely AIO(OH), and cryolite, Na3AlF6. Although a few relatively rare minerals contain gallium, indium, and thallium, they are usually found in small quantities and are widely distributed. As a result, these elements are generally obtained as by-products in the smelting of other metals, especially zinc and lead. 

Indium is relatively rare. Its abundance in Earth s crust is estimated to be about 0.1 part per million. That makes it slightly more abundant than silver or mercury. 

Boron (B) heads the third family of main-group elements, but its properties are not representative, as the Group 3A(13) Family Portrait shows. Metallic aluminum (Al) is more typical of the group, but its great abundance and importance contrast with the rareness of gallium (Ga), indium (In), and thallium (Tl). 

Aluminum, Aluminium. Al at. wt 26.98154 at. no. 13 valence 3. One naturally occurring isotope nAI. In addition, six radioactive isotopes and one isomer are known the most important, MAI (found in meteors), decays with emission of 0+ and >-radiation. Tw 7.4 X 10s years. One of the most abundant metals in earth s crust 8.8 % by wt occurs in nature primarily in combination with silica, also as oxide (see Aluminum Silicate Aluminum Oxide). First obtained in impure form by Oersted in 1825 prepd as metal powder by Wohler in 1827. Reviews of aluminum, its alloys and compds Brandt. Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys" in Prac. Met. Soc. Conf. Vol. 40. E. D. Verink, Ed. (Gordon Breach, New York, 1966) Aluminum. 3 Vols, K. R. Van Horn, Ed. (American Society for Metals, Metal Park, Ohio. 1967) Wade, Bannister. "Aluminum, Gallium. Indium and Thallium in Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry, Vol, 1, J. C. Bailar, Jr. et al.. Eds. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1973) pp 993-1064. 

Indium — (from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum). In at. wt. 114.818(3) at. no. 49 m.p. 156.60°C b.p. 2072°C sp. gr. 7.31 (20°C) valence 1,2, or 3. Discovered by Reich and Richter, who later isolated the metal. Indium is most frequently associated with zinc materials, and it is from these that most commercial indium is now obtained however, it is also found in iron, lead, and copper ores. Until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world s supply of this element in isolated form. It is probably about as abundant as silver. About 4 million troy ounces of... 

Most elements in the periodic table have one, two, or even three isotopes that are free from isobaric overlap, Att exception is indium, which has two stable isotopes. In and Mn .The former overlaps with Cd and the latter with Sn. More often, an isobaric interference occurs wiih the most abundant and thus the most sensitive isotope. I )r example, the very large peak for " Ar (see Figure I I-I5b) overlaps the peak for the most abundant calcium isotope Ca (97%), making it necessary to use the second-most abundant isotope Ca (2.17o). As another example, ilie most abundant nickel isotope, suffers from... 

Apply Indium has two naturally occurring isotopes and an atomic mass of 114.818 amu. In-113 has a mass of 112.904 amu and an abundance of 4.3%. What is the identity and percent abundance of indiums other isotope ... 

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