Indifference, principle

The causality indifference principle states that the physical behavior of a material at a time t is independent of all future events. Thus, the stress of material at a point P at time t depends only on motions at times 0 < /. 

The local action principle establishes that the behavior of a particular element of a material is determined by the motion properties of that element and is independent of the behavior of any other element. The causality indifference principle together with the local action principle lead to the principle of determinism, which states that the stress of a given element of a material at time t depends only on the deformation of that element at times 0 < t. 

The frame indifference principle states that constitutive equations must exhibit coordinate indifference, that is, the properties of a material must be independent of the reference frame. 

Finally, the material indifference principle establishes that the physical behavior of a material is independent of the motion of an observer (21). 

Many constitutive equations have been proposed in addition to those indicated above, which are special cases of fluids with memory. Most of these expressions arise from the generalization of linear viscoelasticity equations to nonlinear processes whenever they obey the material indifference principle. However, these generalizations are not unique, because there are many equations that reduce to the same linear equation. It should be noted that a determined choice among the possible generalizations may be suitable for certain types of fluids or special kinds of deformations. In any case, the use of relatively simple expressions is justified by the fact that they can predict, at least qualitatively, the behavior of complex fluids. 

McMullin, E. (1993). Indifference Principle and Anthropic Principle in the history of cosmology. Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 24, 359-9. 

In more complicated material models we modify oruse further constitutive principles determinism is enlarged for densities (mass concentrations) in mixtures (cf. Sects. 2.4,3.5,4.5), and the definition of fluid used in this principle is in fact the result of constitutive principle of symmetry (see Rem. 30 in Chap. 3). Another constitutive principle is the objectivity (frame indifference) principle. Here it is trivially satisfied because motion is neglected and all quantities are objective (see Sects. 3.2,3.5). In nonuniform systems the influence of neighborhood is described in the principle of local action (cf. Sect. 3.5). In mixtures, the property of mixture invariance [32] may also be used as a constitutive principle [33]. 

Dumas told students in his 1836 course of lectures that the principle of an indivisible atom was an indifferent hypothesis and therefore a matter of convention. "What difference does it make for the facts of chemistry if [elementary chemical masses] were capable of being cut up infinitely by forces independent from chemistry "35... 

In consideration of the principle of material frame indifference the fundamental laws for the multi-component mixture in the Eulerian description are formulated in the following local forms. 

Pending further work on these new magnetic semiconductors, metallic ferromagnets are in principle, the most convenient spin polarized sources for spin device work. The obvious configuration of direct Ohmic contact between metal and semiconductor proved to have fundamental shortcomings. The conductivity mismatch between the two materials implies very indifferent spin injection efficiency [174, 175], However it transpires that this difficulty is surmountable [176] by placing a tunnel barrier between the... 

In summary, consistent with the brain-disabling principles of biopsychiatric treatment presented in chapter 1, the neuroleptic or antipsychotic drugs produce a lobotomy-like deactivation syndrome characterized by emotional indifference or apathy, reduced spontaneity, and docility. This is the primary or therapeutic impact of all neuroleptic drugs including Haldol, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Geodon, and Seroquel. 

Potentiometric methods have eliminated the problems that beset earlier studies, due to the high electrolyte concentrations required for ideal electrode behavior. Following the so-called constant ionic medium principle [91], a large excess of an indifferent (or inert or swamping) electrolyte is added, so that the activity coefficients of the species can be considered constant when their concentration (very low compared to that of the indifferent electrolyte) are changed over a wide range. 

From the idea that the solvent only provides an indifferent reaction medium, comes the Ruggli-Ziegler dilution principle, long known to the organic chemist. According to this principle, in the case of cyclization reactions, the desired intramolecular reaction will be favoured over the undesired intermolecular reaction by high dilution with an inert solvent [18, 310]. 

The most general and safe procedure to obtain a point of zero charge is by considering the salt effect on common intersection point (c.l.p.) is found at different indifferent electrolyte concentrations, the pAg or pH, of the c.l.p. is identified as pAg or pH°. reasoning that when there is no double layer, there Is no charge to be screened and hence no Influence of added indifferent electrolyte. In principle this procedure is correct the main problem is to ensure that the electrolyte is really indifferent, that is, it contains only generlcally adsorbing Ions. 

They have been developed based on either molecular structure or continuum mechanics where the molecular structure is not considered explicitly and the response of a material is independent of the coordinate system (principle of material indifference). In the former, the polymer molecules are represented by mechanical models and a probability distribution of the molecules, and relationships between macroscopic quantities of interest are derived. Three models have found extensive use in rheology the bead-spring model for dilute polymer solutions, and the transient net work and the reptation models for concentrated polymer solutions and polymer melts. 

Acceleration of a reaction, 418.—308. Comparison of the fundamental principle of chemical dynamics and the principle of dynamics properly so called, 418.—309. Influence of the composition of the system on the velodty of reaction, 416.—310. Every isothermal reaction is a moderated reaction, 416.— 3x1. The acceleration of a mod- erated reaction is negative, 416. 31 a. Influence of temperature on the velocity of reaction, 416.-—3x3. Example Phenomena of etherlfl-cation, 416.-3x4. Variation of the velocity due to a small change of composition and temperature, 418.-3x5. Return to isothermal reactions, 418.— 3x6. Adiabatic reactions, 418.—3x7. An adiabatic reaction may have a positive acceleration, 430.-3x8. Reactions with positive acceleration and explosive reactions, 430.-3x9. Conditions In order that an adiabatic reaction be explosive, 421.—320. Indetermination of the temperature which renders a reaction explosive, 421.—3ax. Stability and instability of limiting false equilibria, 421.—32a. Eveiy state of false equilibrium which is not limited is indifferent, 428.—... 

Given this plethora of resources, it is somewhat surprising that such a small number of chemical educators were engaged in green chemistry education in the early 2000s. Like the vast majority of the chemical education community at that time, our department remained largely unaware of and indifferent to the principles and perspectives of the green chemistry movement. 

This unification with the Divine Spirit is, however, for the animalistic Principle, that is for the lower Astral Soul, the old Adam within us, to a certain degree deadly, he is suffering through a condition of death, where he looses his up-to-now demonic Astral-form and enters again into the antenatal Limbus, that is, into his first creative indifference, into his materia prima Now he became Earth again, from which he was taken, that is, APHAR min ha-ADAMAH, a red tinctorial Gold-dust, united with the Dew of Heaven. 

By the principles of material indifference Slattery [196] (pp 228-230) elucidated the functional relationship between the variables in the empirical friction or drag force parameterizations . It is noted that the dimensionless wall drag or friction factors of Darcy (fo) and Fanning (fp) are related in the following manner (e.g., [124, 240]) ... 

The principle of material frame indifference (objectivity) states that variables, for which constitutive equations are needed, cannot depend on the coordinate frame (i.e.. Euclidean space, plus time) in which the variables are expressed. 

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