INDEX electrochemical devices

Specifications for modem detectors in HPLC are given by Hanai [538] and comprise spectroscopic detectors (UV, F, FUR, Raman, RID, ICP, AAS, AES), electrochemical detectors (polarography, coulometry, (pulsed) amperometry, conductivity), mass spectromet-ric and other devices (FID, ECD, ELSD, ESR, NMR). None of these detectors meets all the requirement criteria of Table 4.40. The four most commonly used HPLC detectors are UV (80%), electrochemical, fluorescence and refractive index detectors. As these detectors are several orders of magnitude less sensitive than their GC counterparts, sensor contamination is not so severe, and... 

The function of the detector in hplc is to monitor the mobile phase emerging from the column. The output of the detector is an electrical signal that is proportional to some property of the mobile phase and/or the solutes. Refractive index, for example, is a property of both the solutes and the mobile phase. A detector that measures such a property is called a bulk property detector. Alternatively, if the property is possessed essentially by the solute, such as absorption of uv/visible radiation or electrochemical activity, the detector is called a solute property detector. Quite a large number of devices, some of them rather complicated and tempremental, have been used as hplc detectors, but only a few have become generally useful, and we will examine five such types. Before doing this, it is helpful to have an idea of the sort of characteristics that are required of a detector. 

From a general point of view, a chemical sensor is a device capable of continuously monitoring the concentration of an analyte. The two main classes are electrochemical sensors and optical chemical sensors. The latter are based on the measurement of changes in an optical quantity refractive index, light scattering, reflectance, absorbance, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, etc. For remote sensing, an optical fiber is used, and the optical sensor is then called an optode because of... 

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To overcome the problem of detection in CE, many workers have used inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) as the method of detection. Electrochemical detection in CE includes conductivity, amperometry, and potentiometry detection. The detection limit of amperometric detectors has been reported to be up to 10 M. A special design of the conductivity ceU has been described by many workers. The pulsed-amperometric and cyclic voltametry waveforms, as well as multi step wave forms, have been used as detection systems for various pollutants. Potentiometric detection in CE was first introduced in 1991 and was further developed by various workers. 8-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid and lumogallion exhibit fluorescent properties and, hence, have been used for metal ion detection in CE by fluorescence detectors. Overall, fluorescence detectors have not yet received wide acceptance in CE for metal ions analysis, although their gains in sensitivity and selectivity over photometric detectors are significant. Moreover, these detectors are also commercially available. Some other devices, such as chemiluminescence, atomic emission spectrometry (AES), refractive index, radioactivity, and X-ray diffraction, have also been used as detectors in CE for metal ions analysis, but their use is stiU limited. 

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