Inda-box

The constrained bis(oxazolines) 9a and 9b can be constructed beginning with malononitrile 32 as shown by Ghosh and co-workers. Thus, treatment of 32 with anhydrous hydrochloric acid in dioxane, as shown by Lehn and co-workers, yielded imidate salt 33 (Fig. 9.9). Condensation of the imidate salt with commercially available (15,2/ )-l-aminoindan-2-ol afforded the conformationally constrained bis(oxazoline) inda-box 9a. Alkylation at the bridging methylene of 9a was carried out by Davies and co-workers.Treatment of 9a with lithium diisopropylamide followed by alkylation with methyl iodide afforded 9b. Alternatively, alkylation with diiodoalkanes incorporated ring systems at the bridging position (structures 34a-d). 

Ghosh and co-workers have also demonstrated that the Cu(II)-bis(oxazoline) complexes of conformationally constrained inda-box ligands 9a and ent-9a are excellent catalysts for the enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction. Using copper(II) trrflate as the metal source, the reaction resulted in selectivities up to >99 1 endo/ exo ratio with endo ee up to 99% (2R isomer), as shown in Table 9.10 (Fig. 9.24). Of particular interest, Cu(II)-phe-box ligand 6-derived catalyst complex exhibited considerably lower enantioselectivity (30%)." Furthermore, they have shown that the use of Mg(II) as the chelating metal resulted in a reversal of stereochemistry [up to 98 2 endo/exo and 61% endo ee for the (25) isomer]. Davies also showed that the use of copper(II) triflate with his stmcturally related inda-box ligands 9b and 34a led to similar selectivities. 

TABLE 9.10. INDA-BOX-MEDIATED DIELS-ALDER REACTION... 

Activated dienes such as Danishefsky s diene 112 can also be used in the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with alkyl glyoxylates. Ghosh and co-workers showed that this reaction proceeded to form cycloadducts 113a,b in yields up to 76% and ee up to 70% using either bu-box 3, phe-box 6 or inda-box ent-9a. The results are summarized in Table 9.18 (Fig. 9.36). 

Bis(oxazoline)-mediated hetero-Diels-Alder reactions have also been utilized in total synthesis. For example, Ghosh and co-workers used inda-box 9a in the construction of a key intermediate for the synthesis of laulimalide 123, a potent... 

Sibi s group studied a similar reaction using ligands 9b, 34a-c, and 161 with iodides 157b and 157c, tributyltin hydride 160 and A-crotonyl oxazolidinone 80a or A-cinnamoyl oxazolidinone 80b.As shown in Table 9.29 (entries 7 and 9), the inda-box ligands exhibited optimum results with yields up to 92% and selectivities up to 93% (ee). The use of the ligand-metal complexes in catalytic amounts led to lower yields and enantioselectivities (Fig. 9.50). ... 

Other examples of this type of reaction include those conducted by Andrus and co-workers using the copper(I) complex of ligand 224 in the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene.As shown in Figure 9.65, this reaction afforded the oxidation product, (15)-2-cyclohexen-l-yl 4-nitrobenzoate 225 in 76% yield and 73% ee. Clark and co-workers also experimented with the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene using inda-box ent-9h to afford the oxidation product, (15)-2-cyclohexen-l-yl benzoate, 223b in 76% yield (71% ee). ... 

Inda-box ent-9a has been used recently in the production of the natural product (-)-malyngolide 265. " The key step of the synthesis by Ghosh and Shirai, as shown in Figure 9.80, is the hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of Danishefsky s diene 112 and cx-ketoester 263 to afford the pyranone derivative 264 in 77% yield and 47% ee that was converted into (—)-malyngolide in several additional steps. The preparation of different pyranones was investigated using different ot-ketoesters. 

The importance of the rigid aminoindanol backbone in asymmetric catalytic Diels-Alder reactions is a subject of continued interest.16 50 One example immobilized the copper-inda-box complex onto mesoporous silica in the context of continuous large-scale production of chiral compounds.16 Using 10 mol% of this catalyst (Figure 17.5), the Diels-Alder reaction between /V-acryoyloxazo-lidinone and cyclopentadiene proceeded in 99% yield, 17 1 endo. exo selectivity, and 78% ee of endo cycloadduct. The catalyst could easily be recovered and reused several times without significant loss of diastereoselectivity (15 1 endo. exo selectivity after the fifth reuse) or enantioselectivity (72% ee after the fifth reuse).16 The same remarkable reactivity was observed with a number of diene-dienophile partners. 

Inda-Box-Cu(OTQ2] (56). The corresponding cycloaddition products, allyl dihydropyrancarboxylates (57), were obtained with good diastereoselectivities (12 1) and 86-97% ee. 

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