Increasing actively caring optimism

In contrast, certain life experiences can affect positive person states, such as optimism, personal control, self-confidence, and belonging. These, in turn, boost constructive behavior. This was the indirect approach to increasing actively caring behavior discussed in Chapter 16. The woman in Figure 18.6 is in a positive person state referred to as optimism. She might drive her friends crazy, but research has shown that healthier and happier people are more often in this state (Peterson, 2000 Seligman, 1990). Plus, as I discussed earlier in Chapter 15, optimistic people are more likely to actively care for the health or safety of others. 

Elvitegravir (18, GS-9137, JTK-303, EVG) is the second IN strand transfer inhibitor to advance into phase III clinical trials (Figure 7). EVG was derived from the quinolone antibiotics which do not show IN activity [39-41]. Through careful optimization, this work resulted in EVG displaying enzyme and antiviral activity of 7.2 and 0.9 nM, respectively. EVG has moderate bioavailability in preclinical species (29 and 34%), low clearance (Qp 0.5 and l.OL/h/kg) and a moderate half-life of 2.3 and 5.2h in rats and dogs, respectively [42]. It is primarily metabolized via CYP450 oxidation and shows a marked increase in human exposure with RTV boosting. 

Frustration often provokes aggressive behavior perceptions of helplessness can inhibit constructive behavior or facilitate inactivity. In contrast, certain life experiences can affect positive person states, such as optimism, personal control, self-confidence, and belongingness. This, in turn, increases constructive behavior, including actively caring. 

These later studies that manipulated the outcome of a task illustrated a potential overlap between optimism, self-efficacy, and personal control. It is reasonable to assume performance feedback increases one s perception of self-efficacy and personal control, as well as one s optimism. Indeed, Scheier and Carver s (1985) measure of optimism correlated significantly with locus of control. Optimism, self-efficacy, and personal control determine feelings of empowerment, according to the actively caring model. Thus, these performance-feedback studies support the general hypothesis that we can increase the chances for active caring by boosting individual perceptions of empowerment. 

This principle was mentioned earlier when reviewing the distinction between stress and distress (Principle 33). When people s sense of self-efficacy ("I can do it"), personal control ("1 am in control"), or optimism ("I expect the best") is increased, they are less apt to experience distress and more likely to feel empowered ("1 can make a difference"). In addition, empowerment increases one s inclination to perform actively caring behaviors. 

Hu et al7 established a descriptor to quantify the relationship between methane selectivity and surface properties. Using the descriptor, they found that the fast C-O bond scission led to higher activity, while increased the selectivity to the undesired methane. Thus, the catalytic surfaces should be carefully optimized to achieve a compromise between selectivity and activity. It was also shown that the hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of different CH CH, fragments have similar activation barriers. Studies on the formation of oxygenated products [e.g. aldehydes, alcohols) are rare, because they are not the main products of FTS. In general, there is still no mechanism that can elucidate the formation of... 

It is essential to identify the need for any activators and to determine their optimal concentrations. In many coupled assays it is not uncommon to find that an activator for one enzyme can inhibit another. The selected optimum concentration of all activators must be checked against all the other enzymes for any possible inhibition effects. Problems can often be solved by careful control of concentrations and by increasing the amounts of any inhibited supplementary enzymes. 

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