In vivo experiments

To understand each of the corrosion mechanisms which could take place in-vivo and because of the difficulties of conducting in-vivo experiments most of the experimental work has been carried out in-vitro under somewhat simplified experimental conditions. 

Sodian R, Hoerstrup SP, Sperling JS, Daebritz S, Martin DP, Moran AM, Kim BS, Schoen FJ, Vacanti JP, and Mayer JE. Early In. vivo experience with tissue-engineered trileaflet heart valves. Circulation, 2000, 102(111), 22-29. 

Microsomes are widely used to study the metabolism of xenobiotics. Enzymes can be chararacterized on the basis of their requirement for cofactors (e.g., NADPH, UDPGA), and their response to inhibitors. Kinetic studies can be carried out, and kinetic constants determined. They are very useful in studies of comparative metabolism, where many species not available for in vivo experiment can be compared with widely investigated laboratory species such as rats, mice, feral pigeon, Japanese quail, and rainbow trout. 

These approaches to receptor identification and classification were, of course, pioneered by studies with peripheral systems and isolated tissues. They are more difficult to apply to the CNS, especially in in vivo experiments, where responses depend on a complex set of interacting systems and the actual drug concentration at the receptors of interest is rarely known. However, the development of in vitro preparations (acute brain slices, organotypic brain slice cultures, tissue-cultured neurons and acutely dissociated neuronal and glial cell preparations) has allowed more quantitative pharmacological techniques to be applied to the action of drugs at neurotransmitter receptors while the development of new recording methods such as patch-clamp... 

Scheme 2, A summary of Kriigefs in vivo experiments on the incorporation o] radiolabeled carbons into rat liver RNA upon the administration of the compound shown. The position of A indicates the labeled carbon (see text for references).

This study reports on investigations of the metabolism of pectin by in vitro and in vivo experiments using chromatographic methods. 

Direct evidence of a neuronal-microglia communication mechanism through the fractalkine system came from in vivo experiments using CX3CR1-deficient mice showing that neuronal-derived fractalkine and its interaction with fractalkine receptor plays a critical role in tonic inhibition of microglial mediated neurotoxicity (66). In three clinically relevant models—CNS response to systemic inflammation, the l-methyl-4 phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetra-hydropyridine (MPTP)... 

Chlorhexidine, a bisbiguanide, has been demonstrated to be somewhat less toxic than benzalkonium chloride and thimerosal at clinically relevant concentrations [87,89,95,144,145]. This work was confirmed in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments [137,146-148],... 

Three of the alkaloids (55-57) were isolated from Corydalis incisa (63-65) and two (57, 58) from Hypecoum procumbens (66), where they coexist with the parent protoberberines. They are formed in plants by an oxidative C-6—N bond cleavage, possibly through an aldehyde intermediate 61. This assumption was supported by in vivo experiments in which ( )-tetrahydrocorysamine-8,/4-/2 (59) and (+ )-tetrahydrocoptisine-8,74-/2 (60) were fed to Corydalis incisa (67) to produce corydalic acid methyl ester-8-/ (55) along with corydamine-8-f (58) and corydalic acid methyl ester-8-/ (55) with corynoline-8-/ (62), a benzophenantridine alkaloid, respectively (Scheme 14). 

In vivo experiments can also be utilized to estimate mass transfer coefficients. Under the condition of steady-state blood concentrations of drug, a linear mass transfer coefficient can be estimated from [10]... 

The advantages of these methods are that they are generally short-term tests giving results in few hours or days, they require only small amount of chemical and space and they are generally cheap to run compared to in vivo experiments. 

Even if in vitro models can mimic only partially the complex responses in vivo, the behavior of lung epithelial cells in in vitro experiments resembles in some respects the pathological observations of in vivo experiments. First, the formation of... 

Further evidence is afforded by the in vivo experiments where it has been shown that only D-glucose and D-glucose-precursors are able to lower ketonuria. According to the antiketogenesis theory, any readily metabolizable sources of calories should be able to suppress the oxidation of an isodynamic quantity of fat and so prevent the formation of the... 

In summary, results of in vivo experiments showed the effectiveness of carbosilane dendrimers having clustered Pk carbohydrate moieties, and the complete neutralization potency against STL-II was discovered when dumbbell-shaped dendrimers were identified as potent candidate inibitors. Although the precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated, this type of inhibitor provided a new strategy for the detoxification of SLTs present in circulation. 

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