In terrestrial food chain

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Information is available regarding bioaccumulation potential in aquatic food chains. Studies show that trichloroethylene has a low-to-moderate bioconcentration potential in aquatic organisms (Pearson and McConnell 1975) and some plants (Schroll et al. 1994). Information is needed, however, regarding bioaccumulation potential in terrestrial food chains. 

Cadmium biomagnifies in terrestrial food chains and tends to accumulate in liver and kidneys of older apex organisms (Scheuhammer 1987). This process was documented in the chain of soil to vegetation to invertebrates to upper trophic level consumers, including roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), bam owls (Tyto alba), weasels (Mystela nivalis), and kestrels (Falco tinnunculus Gorree... 

Gorree, M., W.L.M. Tamis, T.P. Traas, and M.A. Elbers. 1995. BIOMAG a model for biomagnification in terrestrial food chains. The case of cadmium in the Kempen, the Netherlands. Science Total Environ. 168 215-223. 

Bioconcentration and biomagnification of individual congeners in terrestrial food chains (Swackhamer and McConnell 1993)... 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Based on low log K°w values, both compounds have a low potential for bioaccumulation (Deneer et al. 1987). Based on a low experimental BCF for 1,3- DNB, bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms is not an important fate process (Deneer et al. 1987). No BCF data were located for 1,3,5-TNB. Data indicate that 1,3-DNB bioaccumulates in plants (McFarlane et al. 1987a). No studies were located regarding plant uptake of 1,3,5-TNB. Data are needed regarding the bioconcentration and biomagnification potential of both compounds in terrestrial food chains. 

Garten CT Jr. 1978. A review of parameter values used to assess the transport of plutonium, uranium and thorium in terrestrial food chains. Environ Res 17 437-452. 

Vegetation plays an important role in the fate of many chemicals. Plants are the first link in terrestrial food chains, and hence the accumulation of chemicals in plants is a crucial step determining exposure of higher terrestrial organisms, including humans, to environmental chemicals. Plants affect the atmospheric transport of chemicals by scavenging them from the air, and they also serve as a medium for transfering chemicals between the soil and the... 

Transfer coefficients of 0.0002 (kg-day)"1 for uptake into milk and 0.0015 (kg-day) 1 for uptake into beef tissue have been reported (Baes et al. 1984). The transfer coefficients represent the fraction of daily aluminum intake in feed that is transferred to a kilogram of milk or beef muscle. Based upon the above values, aluminum is not transferred to beef muscle or milk from feed to any appreciable extent and therefore would not be expected to bioaccumulate in terrestrial food chains. 

Food Chain Bioaccumulation. Chromium does not bioconcentrate in fish (EPA 1980,1984a Fishbein 1981 Schmidt and Andren 1984). There is no indication of biomagnification of chromium along the aquatic food chain (Cary 1982). Some data indicate that chromium has a low mobility for translocation from roots to above-ground parts of plants (Cary 1982 WHO 1988). However, more data regarding the transfer ratio of chromium from soil to plants and biomagnification in terrestrial food chains would be desirable. 

Fries GF, Organic contaminants in terrestrial food chains, in Organic Contaminants in the Environment, Jones KC, Ed., Elsevier Science Publications, New York, 1991, 207. 

Kloke, A., Sauerbeck, D.R., Vetter, H., 1984. The contamination of plants and soils with heavy metals and the transport of metals in terrestrial food chains. In Nriagu, 1.0. (Ed.), Changing Metal Cycles and Human Health. Springer, Berlin, pp. 113-141. 

Beyer WN. 1986. A reexamination of biomagnification of metals in terrestrial food chains. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5 863-864. 

This chapter has defined the major processes that contribute to transfer of organic chemicals between the atmosphere and plant canopy systems, reviewed the theoretical underpinnings of the two most important processes, and summarized the available measurements of the mass transfer parameters. It was illustrated that forest canopies can play an important part in the environmental fate of organic contaminants, particularly for those with intermediate Kqa values and high ATaw values, in addition to the more obvious consequences of chemical accumulation in plants for phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation in terrestrial food chains. The methods presented here allow order of magnitude calculations of the most important chemical fluxes and illustrate how they will be influenced by chemical and environmental properties. 

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